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PRWP

Reproducibility package for The State Of Maintenance: Can Government And Citizens Cooperate For Improved Water Access?

2026
Get Reproducibility Package
Reference ID
RR_TZA_2025_521
DOI
https://doi.org/10.60572/r0n0-p719
Author(s)
Aidan Coville, Daniel Rogger, Jerome Sansonetti, Luca Stanus-Ghib
Collections
World Bank Policy Research Working Papers
Metadata
JSON
Created on
Feb 27, 2026
Last modified
Feb 27, 2026
  • Overview
  • Reproducibility Package
  • Description
  • Scope and coverage
  • Disclaimer
  • Access and rights
  • Contacts
  • Information on metadata
  • Citation

    • Overview

    Abstract

    Under-investment in maintenance erodes the capital stock, reducing the quality and availability of basic services. In Africa, a quarter of water points are non-functional at any given time. Communities often lack the resources and technical expertise to deliver maintenance effectively, while bureaucrats lack local information. We report results from a randomized evaluation of a nationwide program designed to improve maintenance by strengthening collaboration between village water organizations and district water officials in Tanzania. The intervention enhanced the perceived quality of these relationships and induced both actors to allocate more resources toward maintenance. There is an overall increase in system functionality, but the effects are concentrated in villages that already had relatively high baseline functionality.

    Reproducibility Package

    Scripts
    Get Reproducibility Package
    File name
    RR_TZA_2025_521
    Zip package
    RR_TZA_2025_521.zip
    Title
    Reproducibility package for The State Of Maintenance: Can Government And Citizens Cooperate For Improved Water Access?
    Date
    2026-01
    Dependencies
    Stata dependencies are listed in the ado folder.
    Instructions
    See README in reproducibility package.
    Notes
    Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank.
    Source code repository
    Repository name URI
    Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank) https://reproducibility.worldbank.org
    Software
    Name
    Stata
    Version
    19.5 MP

    Reproducibility

    Technology environment

    Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:
    • OS: Windows 11 Enterprise
    • Processor: Intel(R) Xeon(R) Gold 6226R CPU @ 2.90GHz
    • Memory available: 32.0 GB
    Technology requirements

    Runtime: 3 minutes
    Reproduction instructions

    All data used is restricted/forthcoming and not included in the reproducibility package. Once users have access to all the data, to reproduce the findings, a new user needs to:

    1. Adjust the file path in the 01_master do-file.
    2. Run the code.

    Data

    Datasets
    Name
    Maji Endelevu Baseline Survey
    Note
    Data was collected by the authors in 2018 in partnership with the Tanzanian Ministry of Water. File: "PbR Baseline Community -- CMO Survey.dta", "PbR Baseline Community -- DP Add-On with repeats.dta";
    Access policy
    Data is forthcoming on the World Bank Microdata Library.
    License
    Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0)
    License URL
    https://microdata.worldbank.org/terms-of-use
    Name
    Treatment Assignment
    Note
    Files: "Treatment Assignment - Village level.dta", "Treatment Assignment - District level.dta".
    Access policy
    Data is forthcoming on the World Bank Microdata Library.
    License
    Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0)
    License URL
    https://microdata.worldbank.org/terms-of-use
    Name
    Maji Endelevu Endline survey
    Note
    Data was collected by the authors in 2023 in partnership with the Tanzanian Ministry of Water. Files: "dp_repeat_group.dta", "wp_repeat_group.dta", "Maji Endelevu endline DP mapping_clean.dta", "Maji Endelevu endline WCG_deid.dta", "Maji Endelevu Civil Servants Endline Questionnaire__raw_corr_deidentified.dta", "Maji Endelevu endline VEO_deid.dta", "Maji_Endelevu_Consultation_Assessment_Interview_Round_4_Reviewer_Clean.dta".
    Access policy
    Data is forthcoming on the World Bank Microdata Library.
    License
    Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0)
    License URL
    https://microdata.worldbank.org/terms-of-use
    Name
    Master list of district, village, and LGA
    Note
    Source: Tanzanian government. File: "DM_village_lga_list.csv"
    Access policy
    Data is forthcoming on the World Bank Microdata Library.
    License
    Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0)
    License URL
    https://microdata.worldbank.org/terms-of-use
    Name
    Water point functionality data
    Note
    Source: Tanzanian government. File: "DP_all_clean_new_constructed.dta".
    Access policy
    Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package. Interested users can contact RUWASA at dg@ruwasa.go.tz to inquire about administrative data access.
    License
    Custom License
    Name
    Subnational Administrative Boundaries - United Republic of Tanzania
    Note
    Source: Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics / UN OCHA Files location: "Data\regions". Accessed in March 2025.
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Creative Commons Attribution for Intergovernmental Organisations (CC BY-IGO)
    License URL
    https://data.humdata.org/faqs/licenses
    Data URL
    https://data.humdata.org/dataset/cod-ab-tza
    Citation
    United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) & Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics. (2018). United Republic of Tanzania – Subnational Administrative Boundaries (COD-AB-TZA) [Dataset]. Humanitarian Data Exchange. https://data.humdata.org/dataset/cod-ab-tza. Accessed in March 2025.
    Data statement

    Some data is restricted/forthcoming and has not been included in the reproducibility package. For more details, please refer to the README file. Forthcoming data is expected to be made available through the World Bank Microdata Library in the future.

    Description

    Output
    Type
    Working Paper
    Title
    The State Of Maintenance: Can Government And Citizens Cooperate For Improved Water Access?
    Description
    Policy Research Working Papers (PRWP)
    Authors
    Author Affiliation Email
    Aidan Coville World Bank acoville@worldbank.org
    Daniel Rogger World Bank drogger@worldbank.org
    Jerome Sansonetti Independent jerome.sansonetti@gmail.com
    Luca Stanus-Ghib World Bank lstanusghib@worldbank.org
    Date of production

    2026-01-06

    Scope and coverage

    Geographic locations
    Location Code
    Tanzania TZA
    Keywords
    Water Supply Maintenance Coproduction
    Topics
    ID Topic Parent topic ID Vocabulary Vocabulary URI
    H11 Structure, Scope, and Performance of Government H1 Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)
    H44 Publicly Provided Goods: Mixed Markets H4 Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)
    Q25 Water Q2 Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)
    Q58 Government Policy Q5 Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)

    Disclaimer

    Disclaimer

    The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.

    Access and rights

    License
    Name URI
    Modified BSD3 https://opensource.org/license/bsd-3-clause/

    Contacts

    Contacts
    Name Affiliation Email
    Aidan Coville World Bank acoville@worldbank.org
    Reproducibility WBG World Bank reproducibility@worldbank.org

    Information on metadata

    Producers
    Name Abbreviation Affiliation Role
    Reproducibility WBG DECDI World Bank - Development Impact Department Verification and preparation of metadata
    Date of Production

    2026-01-06
    Document version

    1

    Citation

    Citation
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