Reproducibility package for Rationalizing Informality: Self-Employment, Job Quality and Growth

World Development Indicators

Data from the World Development Indicators is used in datasets listed below. Some of them are intermediate datasets. Please see the README for more details on how they were processed. The filenames and indicators use file are: Adult_pop_WDI_data.xlsx (Adult population, 2022), Data_all_variables.dta (GDP (PPP-adjusted) and number of employed workers), entrepreneurship_data.dta (GDP data, 2020), gdp 2021 per capita ppp.xlsx (GDP, PPP (constant 2021 international $), GDP per capita, PPP (current international $), GDP per capita, PPP (constant 2021 international $), gdp_quarterly_long_LAC.dta (real GDP measured at constant prices in national currency units, original quarterly GDP series, annual GDP growth rates), GDPpc_WDI_data_for_ISSP.xlsx (country-level GDP per capita based on purchasing power parity (PPP), measured at constant 2021 international dollars, 2005, NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.KD), Self_Employment_GDP_WDI_1999_2025.xlsx (GDP per capita, PPP (constant 2021 international $), Self-employed, total (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate)).

Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators

World Bank. "World Development Indicators" [dataset]. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators. Accessed May 2026.

Valuing Alternative Work Arrangements: Evidence from 7 Countries with High Rates of Informality

This data is used in two files: 1. Implicit tax data.xlsx. This dataset combines information on workers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for social security benefits with statutory social security contribution rates across countries. The WTP estimates originate from Beylis, Garin et al. (2026). 2. Filename: Processed_data_final_created_weights.dta. It is based on survey data from a discrete choice experiment (DCE) implemented across seven countries as part of the study by Beylis, Garin, González-Prieto, and Koustas (2026). The dataset used in this study is a processed analytical dataset constructed for the willingness-to-pay (WTP) analysis. See README for further details. For more information on the data, interested users can contact the author at ngonzalezprieto@worldbank.org.

Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.

Custom license

Beylis, G., A. Garin, N. Gonzalez-Prieto, and D. Koustas. "Valuing Alternative Work Arrangements: Evidence from 7 Countries with High Rates of Informality" [dataset]. [Unpublished data]

Employer and employee social security contribution rates

Filename: Implicit tax data.xlsx. This dataset combines information on workers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for social security benefits with statutory social security contribution rates across countries. Information on employer and employee social security contribution rates was compiled from publicly available national legislation in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, and Peru. For more information on the data, interested users can contact the author at ngonzalezprieto@worldbank.org.

Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.

Custom license

Authors' compilation. 2026. "Employer and employee social security contribution rates" [dataset]. Based on national legislation in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, and Peru.

The Dynamics of the Regulation of Labor in Developing and Developed Countries since 1960

Filename: Data_LAMRIG_to_IMF.xls. The dataset contains country-level observations by year and period, including the labor market regulation indicator (LAMRIG). The LAMRIG indicator is derived from the dataset underlying: Campos, N. F., & Nugent, J. B. (2012). "The dynamics of the regulation of labor in developing and developed countries since 1960". IZA Discussion Paper No. 6881, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA). For more information on the data, interested users can contact the author at ngonzalezprieto@worldbank.org.

Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.

Custom license

https://www.iza.org/publications/dp/6881/the-dynamics-of-the-regulation-of-labor-in-developing-and-developed-countries-since-1960.

Campos, N. F., & Nugent, J. B. "The Dynamics of the Regulation of Labor in Developing and Developed Countries since 1960" [dataset]. [Unpublished data]

ILOSTAT database

Filename: Data_all_variables.dta. Indicator: informality rate. The dataset combines information from three sources: ILO, World Bank, and WHO. The dataset was constructed by harmonizing country-year observations across sources using standardized country identifiers. The resulting database contains annual observations from 2000 to 2023 and includes a regional classification following World Bank geographic regions.

Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)

https://www.ilo.org/rights-and-permissions

https://ilostat.ilo.org/es/topics/informality/

International Labour Organization (ILO). "ILOSTAT database" [dataset]. https://ilostat.ilo.org/es/topics/informality/. Accessed March 2026.

Health Service Data

Filename and indicator: Data_all_variables.dta (indicators of health coverage). For Data_all_variables.dta, The dataset combines information from three sources: ILO, WB, and WHO. The dataset was constructed by harmonizing country-year observations across sources using standardized country identifiers. The resulting database contains annual observations from 2000 to 2023 and includes a regional classification following World Bank geographic regions.

Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)

https://data.who.int/about/data/terms-and-conditions

https://www.who.int/data/data-collection-tools/health-service-data

World Health Organization. "Health Service Data" [dataset]. https://www.who.int/data/data-collection-tools/health-service-data. Accessed March 2026.

Seventh Microenterprise Survey (EME 7)

Filename: ENAMIN, EME VII and EMICRON.dta. Dataset built using three sources: Chile Seventh Microenterprise Survey (EME 7), VI wave (2022), Colombia Microbusiness Survey (EMICRON, 2024), Mexico National Survey of Microbusinesses (ENAMIN) 2012. The analysis uses firm-level information on firm age, federal registration status, and firm revenue. For more information on the data, interested users can contact the author at ngonzalezprieto@worldbank.org.

Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.

Custom license

https://www.economia.gob.cl/2023/06/16/septima-encuesta-de-microemprendimiento-eme-7.htm

https://www.economia.gob.cl/2023/06/16/septima-encuesta-de-microemprendimiento-eme-7.htm

Chile Ministry of Economy, Development and Tourism, and National Statistics Institute (INE). 2023. "Seventh Microenterprise Survey (EME 7)" [dataset]. https://www.economia.gob.cl/2023/06/16/septima-encuesta-de-microemprendimiento-eme-7.htm. Accessed April 2026.

Microbusiness Survey (Emicron)

Filename: ENAMIN, EME VII and EMICRON.dta. Dataset built using three sources: Chile Seventh Microenterprise Survey (EME 7), VI wave (2022), Colombia Microbusiness Survey (EMICRON, 2024), Mexico National Survey of Microbusinesses (ENAMIN) 2012. The analysis uses firm-level information on firm age, federal registration status, and firm revenue. For more information on the data, interested users can contact the author at ngonzalezprieto@worldbank.org.

Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.

DANE Terms and Conditions

https://www.dane.gov.co/index.php/terrminos-y-condiciones-dane

https://www.dane.gov.co/index.php/estadisticas-por-tema/mercado-laboral/micronegocios

Colombia National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE). 2026. "Microbusiness Survey (Emicron)" [dataset]. https://www.dane.gov.co/index.php/estadisticas-por-tema/mercado-laboral/micronegocios. Accessed April 2026.

National Microenterprise Survey (ENAMIN) 2012

The National Survey of Microbusinesses (ENAMIN) 2012, Mexico is used to construct the following intermediate datasets: ENAMIN, EME VII and EMICRON.dta, ENAMINFINAL2012.dta, and ENOE and ENAMIN.dta. For details on their construction process, please refer to the README file. For more information on the data, interested users can contact the author at ngonzalezprieto@worldbank.org.

Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.

Open access

https://www.inegi.org.mx/datosabiertos/

https://www.inegi.org.mx/programas/enamin/2012/

Mexico National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI). 2012. "National Microenterprise Survey (ENAMIN) 2012" [dataset]. https://www.inegi.org.mx/programas/enamin/2012/. Accessed April 2026.

National Survey of Occupation and Employment (ENOE), population aged 15 and older

This data is included in two files: ENOE and ENAMIN.dta and MEX_ECV_v&iv.dta. ENOE and ENAMIN.dta corresponds to Mexico, using ENAMIN 2012 microdata combined with ENOE (National Survey of Occupation and Employment) data. MEX_ECV_v&iv.dta is based on the Mexican National Survey of Occupation and Employment (ENOE) for the year 2024. See README file for further details. For more information on the data, interested users can contact the author at ngonzalezprieto@worldbank.org.

Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.

Open access

https://www.inegi.org.mx/datosabiertos/

https://www.inegi.org.mx/programas/enoe/15ymas/

Mexico National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI). 2024. "National Survey of Occupation and Employment (ENOE), population aged 15 and older" [dataset]. https://www.inegi.org.mx/programas/enoe/15ymas/. Accessed April 2026.

Socio-Economic Database for Latin America and the Caribbean

The Socio-Economic Database for Latin America and the Caribbean is used to construct the following intermediate datasets: entrepreneurship_data.dta, LAC_allyears.dta, LAC_allyears_var.dta, LAC_allyears_var_family_2023.dta, LAC_lastyear_var.dta, LAC_lastyear2_var.dta. For more details, please refer to the README file. For more information on the data, interested users can contact the author at ngonzalezprieto@worldbank.org.

Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.

Custom license

https://www.cedlas.econo.unlp.edu.ar/wp/en/estadisticas/sedlac/estadisticas/#1496165509975-36a05fb8-428b

CEDLAS (Centro de Estudios Distributivos, Laborales y Sociales) and The World Bank. "Socio-Economic Database for Latin America and the Caribbean "[dataset]. Accessed April 2026.

Great Integrated Household Survey (GEIH) 2023

This data included in files GEIH_2023.dta and folder GEIH_2022. The dataset GEIH_2023.dta is constructed using microdata from the Colombian Household Survey (GEIH) for 2023, accessed through SEDLAC harmonized outputs. The data in the GEIH 2023 folder correspond to monthly microdata from the Gran Encuesta Integrada de Hogares (GEIH) for Colombia. The underlying microdata are publicly available and provided by the National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE). See README file for further details. For more information on the data, interested users can contact the author at ngonzalezprieto@worldbank.org.

Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.

DANE Terms and Conditions

https://www.dane.gov.co/index.php/terrminos-y-condiciones-dane

https://microdatos.dane.gov.co/index.php/catalog/782

National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE). 2024. "Great Integrated Household Survey (GEIH) 2023" [dataset]. https://microdatos.dane.gov.co/index.php/catalog/782/get-microdata. Accessed January 2026.

Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM)

Filename: GEM_2018_Data.dta. The dataset uses country-level information from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) for the year 2018. The variables extracted correspond to standard GEM indicators on entrepreneurship, with no structural modifications to the underlying data. For more information on the data, interested users can contact the author at ngonzalezprieto@worldbank.org.

Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.

GEM Summary

https://www.gemconsortium.org/wiki/665

https://www.gemconsortium.org/data

Global Entrepreneurship Research Association (GERA). 2018. "Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM)" [dataset]. https://www.gemconsortium.org/data. Accessed May 2026.

International Social Survey Programme: Work Orientations III - ISSP 2005.

Filename: ISSP_2005_Data.dta. The dataset is based on the 2005 wave of the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP), available through GESIS (ZA4350). For more information on the data, interested users can contact the author at ngonzalezprieto@worldbank.org.

Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.

GESIS Terms of Use

https://www.gesis.org/en/institute/data-usage-terms

https://search.gesis.org/research_data/ZA4350

ISSP Research Group. "International Social Survey Programme: Work Orientations III - ISSP 2005. GESIS, Cologne. ZA4350, Data file version 2.0.0, https://doi.org/10.4232/1.11648" [dataset]. https://search.gesis.org/research_data/ZA4350. Accessed May 2026.

OECD Annual labour force survey, summary tables

Data included in files OECD_self_employment.xlsx and entrepreneurship_data.dta. Consists of OECD self-employment indicators used in cross-country comparisons.

Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.

OECD Terms & Conditions

https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html

https://www.oecd.org/en/data/indicators/self-employment-rate.html

OECD Data Explorer. "OECD Annual labour force survey, summary tables" [dataset]. https://www.oecd.org/en/data/indicators/self-employment-rate.html. Acccessed May 2026.

Panel Labour Force Surveys

Filename: Panels_LAC_2version.dta. The longitudinal analysis is based on labor market panels harmonized using the do-files published by Donovan, Lu, and Schoellman (2023) in their project Labor Market Dynamics and Development. The final datasets are constructed from raw microdata obtained from official national statistical agencies and correspond to nationally representative labor force and household surveys. The original data sources vary by country and cover the following periods: Argentina (EPH): 2003–2023, Bolivia (ECE): 2015–2022, Brazil (PNADC: 2012–2023; PME: 2003–2012), Chile (ENE): 2010–2024, Costa Rica (ECE): 2010–2024, Dominican Republic (ENCFT): 2016–2024, Ecuador (ENEMDU): 2010–2019, Mexico (ENOE): 2005–2023, Peru (EPE): 2003–2019, Paraguay (EPHC): 2010–2017. See the README file for further details. For more information on the data, interested users can contact the author at ngonzalezprieto@worldbank.org.

Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.

LFS Data Micro Data Availability

https://www.lfsdata.com/micro-data-availability

https://www.lfsdata.com/

Authors' compilation. 2026. "Panel Labour Force Surveys" [dataset]. Based on Donovan, Lu, and Schoellman(2023) and labour force surveys: Argentina (EPH): 2003–2023, Bolivia (ECE): 2015–2022, Brazil (PNADC: 2012–2023; PME: 2003–2012), Chile (ENE): 2010–2024, Costa Rica (ECE): 2010–2024, Dominican Republic (ENCFT): 2016–2024, Ecuador (ENEMDU): 2010–2019, Mexico (ENOE): 2005–2023, Peru (EPE): 2003–2019, Paraguay (EPHC): 2010–2017.

Brazilian National Household Survey (PNAD)

Filename: PNAD_person.dta. The dataset is based on the 1990 Brazilian National Household Survey (PNAD), using microdata from the individual (person-level) file. The original data were obtained from the Princeton University Brazil Data Center archive in January 2026. At the time of access, the raw survey files and accompanying documentation (README) were available through the repository; however, the dataset is no longer publicly accessible through that link. The data is forthcoming in the World Bank Development Data Hub. Please see the README file for further details on the construction process. For more information on the data, interested users can contact the author at ngonzalezprieto@worldbank.org.

Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.

https://opr.princeton.edu/brazils-national-household-sample-survey.

Princeton University Brazil Data Center. "Brazilian National Household Survey (PNAD)" [dataset]. Accessed January 2026.

Penn World Table version 10.01

Filename: pwt1001.dta. Data consists of Macroeconomic indicators used in cross-country analysis.

Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

https://www.rug.nl/ggdc/productivity/pwt/pwt-releases/pwt1001?lang=en

Feenstra, Robert C., Robert Inklaar and Marcel P. Timmer (2015), "The Next Generation of the Penn World Table" American Economic Review, 105(10), 3150-3182, available for download at www.ggdc.net/pwt. Accessed May 2026.

Replication Data for Labor Market Dynamics and Development

Filename: Transitions_BWUN_JJ.dta. Dataset used for labor market transition analysis.

Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.

CC0 1.0

https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/

https://dataverse.harvard.edu/file.xhtml?fileId=7102893&version=1.0

Donovan, Kevin; Lu, Will Jianyu; Schoellman, Todd. 2023. "Replication Data for Labor Market Dynamics and Development'" [dataset]. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/RXWKTV, Harvard Dataverse, V1, UNF:6:wjUumt4I0TISQ8qxi1a9vQ== [fileUNF]. Accessed March 2026.