Age-sex patterns of COVID mortality across countries

Introduction

This paper seeks to understand how mortality risks from COVID for men and women differ by age, and how gender differences in mortality risk from COVID compare to gender differences in mortality risks from all-causes.

Data

This analyses in this paper use global excess deaths associated with COVID-19 (modeled estimates) produced by the Technical Advisory Group (TAG) on COVID-19 mortality assessment. Estimates of expected all-cause deaths (baseline), actual cause deaths and excess deaths are provided by country and 7 age groups:“0-24” , “25-34” , 35-44”, “45-54”, “55-64”, “65-74”, “75-84”, “>85”. However, only age groups at or above 45 years of age are considered in this analysis.

Out of 195 countries in the WHO database, 75 countries have excess death estimates based on reported all-cause death records disaggregated by gender for 2020 and of these, 61 also use reported deaths by gender and age for 2021.

Two inclusion criteria for this analysis are applied:

Countries with all-cause data reported by both age and sex in 2020 or 2021
Countries with total excess deaths (both sexes) of at least 2000 in 2020 or 2021
The following 66 countries are included in this analysis: Albania, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Brazil, Canada, Switzerland, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Czechia, Germany, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, Spain, Estonia, Finland, France, The United Kingdom, Georgia, Greece, Guatemala, Croatia, Hungary, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Iraq, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Republic of Korea, Kuwait, Lithuania, Latvia, Republic of Moldova, Mexico, Mongolia, Nicaragua, Netherlands, Oman, Panama, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Paraguay, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia, Slovakia, Sweden, Thailand, Tunisia, Ukraine, Uruguay, USA, Uzbekistan, South Africa, Malaysia
54 countries meet the inclusion criteria in 2020
57 countries meet the inclusion criteria in 2021

Table 1: Sample of countries in analysis data-set by GNI per capita (PPP) quintiles

Income quintile	No. of countries	Range of GNI per capita (PPP) in quintile	Countires in quintile
1	22	5,030 - 15,530	Albania, Azerbaijan, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Brazil, Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, Egypt, Georgia, Guatemala, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Iraq, Kyrgyzstan, Republic of Moldova, Mongolia, Nicaragua, Peru, Paraguay, Tunisia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, South Africa
2	22	16,090 - 33,730	Argentina, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Chile, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Greece, Croatia, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Mexico, Oman, Panama, Poland, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia, Slovakia, Thailand, Uruguay, Malaysia
3	22	36,330 - 70,150	Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Switzerland, Czechia, Germany, Spain, Estonia, Finland, France, The United Kingdom, Israel, Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea, Kuwait, Lithuania, Netherlands, Portugal, Sweden, USA

Results

Figure 0: Sex-ratio in mortality (expected and actual all-cause deaths in 2020): Observations

Not included in final paper

Figure 1: Sex-ratio in mortality (all-causes in 2020): Observations

Figure 2: Sex-ratio in mortality (all-causes in 2020): Observations

Table 2A: Poisson model results

Table 2B: Poisson model results

Relationship between predicted sex-differences in mortality and country income

Figure 3: Sex ratio of mortality by age, year and country income terciles

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Table 3: Sex ratio of mortality by age, year and country income terciles

Median and interquartile range of predictions are shown
group	Age_Lower	Quintile: 1	Quintile: 2	Quintile: 3
All-cause deaths (expected): 2020	45	2.08 (1.6-2.84)	2.75 (2.05-3.49)	2.66 (1.95-3.7)
All-cause deaths (expected): 2020	55	1.83 (1.54-2.25)	2.23 (1.79-2.63)	2.14 (1.69-2.73)
All-cause deaths (expected): 2020	65	1.62 (1.45-1.83)	1.82 (1.59-1.98)	1.71 (1.47-2.03)
All-cause deaths (expected): 2020	75	1.44 (1.27-1.61)	1.47 (1.34-1.57)	1.37 (1.25-1.53)
All-cause deaths (expected): 2020	85	1.25 (1.1-1.45)	1.17 (1.05-1.33)	1.11 (1-1.22)
Excess deaths: 2020	45	2.33 (1.45-3.5)	2.76 (2.01-5.17)	3.98 (2.49-6.47)
Excess deaths: 2020	55	2.29 (1.56-3.04)	2.49 (1.99-3.67)	3.17 (2.15-4.58)
Excess deaths: 2020	65	2.14 (1.65-2.77)	2.31 (1.94-2.9)	2.54 (1.89-3.31)
Excess deaths: 2020	75	1.95 (1.56-2.61)	2.03 (1.75-2.55)	2.08 (1.64-2.49)
Excess deaths: 2020	85	1.84 (1.37-2.69)	1.81 (1.39-2.44)	1.62 (1.3-2.02)
Excess deaths: 2021	45	1.68 (1.11-2.38)	2.19 (1.61-3.06)	2.25 (1.29-3.5)
Excess deaths: 2021	55	1.64 (1.19-2.11)	1.95 (1.56-2.43)	2.22 (1.5-3.1)
Excess deaths: 2021	65	1.56 (1.27-1.91)	1.79 (1.48-2.06)	2.19 (1.65-2.99)
Excess deaths: 2021	75	1.51 (1.22-1.8)	1.6 (1.35-1.87)	2.19 (1.6-3.29)
Excess deaths: 2021	85	1.44 (1.06-1.84)	1.42 (1.14-1.74)	2.18 (1.37-3.9)

Figure 4: Sex-ratio of mortality vs. country income

All available data (composition of countries changes from 2020 to 2021)

Figure 5: Sex-ratio of mortality vs. country income

Keeping composition of countries constant (only countries with all cause deaths disaggregated by gender in 2020 & 2021)

Annex

Observatios and predictions by country

The following set of figures display observed and predicted values of mortality rates, the sex-ratio of mortality rates (males/females) and the sex-gap of mortality rates (males - females) by age, for each country in the analysis dataset.

Albania

Total population: 2,864,098
Total official COVID deaths in 2020 (Our World in Data): 1,134
Total official COVID deaths in 2021 (Our World in Data): 2,053
Total excess deaths in 2020 (WHO): 6,015.699
Total excess deaths in 2021 (WHO): 9,086.141

#### Argentina - Total population: 44,985,105 - Total official COVID deaths in 2020 (Our World in Data): 47,507 - Total official COVID deaths in 2021 (Our World in Data): 70,323 - Total excess deaths in 2020 (WHO): 35,840.96 - Total excess deaths in 2021 (WHO):

#### Australia - Total population: 25,625,670 - Total official COVID deaths in 2020 (Our World in Data): 920 - Total official COVID deaths in 2021 (Our World in Data): 1,457 - Total excess deaths in 2020 (WHO):
- Total excess deaths in 2021 (WHO): 4,570.856

#### Austria - Total population: 8,888,592 - Total official COVID deaths in 2020 (Our World in Data): 7,049 - Total official COVID deaths in 2021 (Our World in Data): 9,538 - Total excess deaths in 2020 (WHO): 8,087.427 - Total excess deaths in 2021 (WHO): 7,886.081

#### Azerbaijan - Total population: 10,282,158 - Total official COVID deaths in 2020 (Our World in Data): 2,416 - Total official COVID deaths in 2021 (Our World in Data): 5,868 - Total excess deaths in 2020 (WHO): 12,039.15 - Total excess deaths in 2021 (WHO): 21,581.59

#### Belgium - Total population: 11,533,459 - Total official COVID deaths in 2020 (Our World in Data): 19,374 - Total official COVID deaths in 2021 (Our World in Data): 8,818 - Total excess deaths in 2020 (WHO): 16,540.23 - Total excess deaths in 2021 (WHO): 3,794.365

#### Bulgaria - Total population: 6,967,018 - Total official COVID deaths in 2020 (Our World in Data): 7,123 - Total official COVID deaths in 2021 (Our World in Data): 23,405 - Total excess deaths in 2020 (WHO): 17,804.05 - Total excess deaths in 2021 (WHO): 42,715.42

#### Bosnia and Herzegovina - Total population: 3,314,350 - Total official COVID deaths in 2020 (Our World in Data): 3,923 - Total official COVID deaths in 2021 (Our World in Data): 9,360 - Total excess deaths in 2020 (WHO): 6,792.844 - Total excess deaths in 2021 (WHO):

#### Bolivia (Plurinational State of) - Total population: 11,934,333 - Total official COVID deaths in 2020 (Our World in Data): 9,083 - Total official COVID deaths in 2021 (Our World in Data): 10,447 - Total excess deaths in 2020 (WHO): 33,888.56 - Total excess deaths in 2021 (WHO): 47,020.77

#### Brazil - Total population: 213,114,918 - Total official COVID deaths in 2020 (Our World in Data): 190,488 - Total official COVID deaths in 2021 (Our World in Data): 427,904 - Total excess deaths in 2020 (WHO): 189,945.8 - Total excess deaths in 2021 (WHO): 467,480.1

#### Canada - Total population: 37,818,806 - Total official COVID deaths in 2020 (Our World in Data): 14,734 - Total official COVID deaths in 2021 (Our World in Data): 15,117 - Total excess deaths in 2020 (WHO): 14,551.54 - Total excess deaths in 2021 (WHO): 11,949.19

#### Switzerland - Total population: 8,619,390 - Total official COVID deaths in 2020 (Our World in Data): 7,182 - Total official COVID deaths in 2021 (Our World in Data): 4,646 - Total excess deaths in 2020 (WHO): 8,808.004 - Total excess deaths in 2021 (WHO): 3,683.951

#### Chile - Total population: 19,276,612 - Total official COVID deaths in 2020 (Our World in Data): 16,404 - Total official COVID deaths in 2021 (Our World in Data): 22,609 - Total excess deaths in 2020 (WHO): 14,771.02 - Total excess deaths in 2021 (WHO): 23,894.96

#### Colombia - Total population: 50,911,158 - Total official COVID deaths in 2020 (Our World in Data): 41,690 - Total official COVID deaths in 2021 (Our World in Data): 87,996 - Total excess deaths in 2020 (WHO): 53,886.16 - Total excess deaths in 2021 (WHO): 108,332.4

#### Costa Rica - Total population: 5,119,855 - Total official COVID deaths in 2020 (Our World in Data): 2,103 - Total official COVID deaths in 2021 (Our World in Data): 5,246 - Total excess deaths in 2020 (WHO):
- Total excess deaths in 2021 (WHO): 4,704.336

#### Cuba - Total population: 11,284,757 - Total official COVID deaths in 2020 (Our World in Data): 141 - Total official COVID deaths in 2021 (Our World in Data): 8,179 - Total excess deaths in 2020 (WHO):
- Total excess deaths in 2021 (WHO): 53,096.88

#### Czechia - Total population: 10,514,740 - Total official COVID deaths in 2020 (Our World in Data): 11,367 - Total official COVID deaths in 2021 (Our World in Data): 24,621 - Total excess deaths in 2020 (WHO): 16,599.66 - Total excess deaths in 2021 (WHO): 26,648.28

#### Germany - Total population: 83,116,786 - Total official COVID deaths in 2020 (Our World in Data): 47,009 - Total official COVID deaths in 2021 (Our World in Data): 70,683 - Total excess deaths in 2020 (WHO): 34,514.19 - Total excess deaths in 2021 (WHO): 66,990.79

#### Dominican Republic - Total population: 10,994,170 - Total official COVID deaths in 2020 (Our World in Data): 2,404 - Total official COVID deaths in 2021 (Our World in Data): 1,833 - Total excess deaths in 2020 (WHO): 2,333.078 - Total excess deaths in 2021 (WHO): 6,689.009

#### Ecuador - Total population: 17,580,085 - Total official COVID deaths in 2020 (Our World in Data): 13,990 - Total official COVID deaths in 2021 (Our World in Data): 19,657 - Total excess deaths in 2020 (WHO): 46,706.66 - Total excess deaths in 2021 (WHO): 32,874.78

#### Egypt - Total population: 107,450,137 - Total official COVID deaths in 2020 (Our World in Data): 7,352 - Total official COVID deaths in 2021 (Our World in Data): 14,219 - Total excess deaths in 2020 (WHO): 107,524 - Total excess deaths in 2021 (WHO):

#### Spain - Total population: 47,233,572 - Total official COVID deaths in 2020 (Our World in Data): 53,964 - Total official COVID deaths in 2021 (Our World in Data): 37,311 - Total excess deaths in 2020 (WHO): 75,201.66 - Total excess deaths in 2021 (WHO): 32,336.08

#### Estonia - Total population: 1,326,400 - Total official COVID deaths in 2020 (Our World in Data): 284 - Total official COVID deaths in 2021 (Our World in Data): 1,544 - Total excess deaths in 2020 (WHO):
- Total excess deaths in 2021 (WHO): 3,037.613

#### Finland - Total population: 5,516,103 - Total official COVID deaths in 2020 (Our World in Data): 618 - Total official COVID deaths in 2021 (Our World in Data): 1,218 - Total excess deaths in 2020 (WHO):
- Total excess deaths in 2021 (WHO): 2,868.022

#### France - Total population: 64,291,311 - Total official COVID deaths in 2020 (Our World in Data): 63,534 - Total official COVID deaths in 2021 (Our World in Data): 60,631 - Total excess deaths in 2020 (WHO): 50,200.12 - Total excess deaths in 2021 (WHO): 37,445.36

#### The United Kingdom - Total population: 66,921,778 - Total official COVID deaths in 2020 (Our World in Data): 90,475 - Total official COVID deaths in 2021 (Our World in Data): 85,684 - Total excess deaths in 2020 (WHO): 81,734.67 - Total excess deaths in 2021 (WHO): 65,350.31

#### Georgia - Total population: 3,762,236 - Total official COVID deaths in 2020 (Our World in Data): 2,377 - Total official COVID deaths in 2021 (Our World in Data): 11,135 - Total excess deaths in 2020 (WHO): 5,738.193 - Total excess deaths in 2021 (WHO): 17,255.76

#### Greece - Total population: 10,484,757 - Total official COVID deaths in 2020 (Our World in Data): 4,682 - Total official COVID deaths in 2021 (Our World in Data): 15,823 - Total excess deaths in 2020 (WHO): 7,277.952 - Total excess deaths in 2021 (WHO): 19,485.75

#### Guatemala - Total population: 17,355,773 - Total official COVID deaths in 2020 (Our World in Data): 4,763 - Total official COVID deaths in 2021 (Our World in Data): 11,332 - Total excess deaths in 2020 (WHO): 12,580.13 - Total excess deaths in 2021 (WHO): 36,476.57

#### Croatia - Total population: 4,089,053 - Total official COVID deaths in 2020 (Our World in Data): 3,613 - Total official COVID deaths in 2021 (Our World in Data): 8,666 - Total excess deaths in 2020 (WHO): 5,870.759 - Total excess deaths in 2021 (WHO): 12,268.29

#### Hungary - Total population: 9,733,129 - Total official COVID deaths in 2020 (Our World in Data): 9,047 - Total official COVID deaths in 2021 (Our World in Data): 29,260 - Total excess deaths in 2020 (WHO): 12,046.75 - Total excess deaths in 2021 (WHO): 26,972.14

#### Iran (Islamic Republic of) - Total population: 87,266,417 - Total official COVID deaths in 2020 (Our World in Data): 54,574 - Total official COVID deaths in 2021 (Our World in Data): 76,774 - Total excess deaths in 2020 (WHO): 136,293.9 - Total excess deaths in 2021 (WHO): 159,238.4

#### Iraq - Total population: 42,553,401 - Total official COVID deaths in 2020 (Our World in Data): 12,767 - Total official COVID deaths in 2021 (Our World in Data): 11,355 - Total excess deaths in 2020 (WHO): 28,125.58 - Total excess deaths in 2021 (WHO):

#### Israel - Total population: 8,746,610 - Total official COVID deaths in 2020 (Our World in Data): 3,242 - Total official COVID deaths in 2021 (Our World in Data): 5,009 - Total excess deaths in 2020 (WHO): 3,177.944 - Total excess deaths in 2021 (WHO): 4,795.487

#### Italy - Total population: 59,314,503 - Total official COVID deaths in 2020 (Our World in Data): 71,627 - Total official COVID deaths in 2021 (Our World in Data): 64,903 - Total excess deaths in 2020 (WHO): 109,157.4 - Total excess deaths in 2021 (WHO): 75,106.86

#### Japan - Total population: 124,706,807 - Total official COVID deaths in 2020 (Our World in Data): 3,213 - Total official COVID deaths in 2021 (Our World in Data): 15,174 - Total excess deaths in 2020 (WHO):
- Total excess deaths in 2021 (WHO): 22,117.4

#### Kazakhstan - Total population: 18,973,597 - Total official COVID deaths in 2020 (Our World in Data): 2,669 - Total official COVID deaths in 2021 (Our World in Data): 15,516 - Total excess deaths in 2020 (WHO): 31,218.43 - Total excess deaths in 2021 (WHO): 52,050.25

#### Kyrgyzstan - Total population: 6,423,515 - Total official COVID deaths in 2020 (Our World in Data): NA - Total official COVID deaths in 2021 (Our World in Data): NA - Total excess deaths in 2020 (WHO): 7,420.808 - Total excess deaths in 2021 (WHO):

#### Republic of Korea - Total population: 51,776,733 - Total official COVID deaths in 2020 (Our World in Data): 808 - Total official COVID deaths in 2021 (Our World in Data): 4,492 - Total excess deaths in 2020 (WHO):
- Total excess deaths in 2021 (WHO): 8,229.939

#### Kuwait - Total population: 4,360,120 - Total official COVID deaths in 2020 (Our World in Data): 929 - Total official COVID deaths in 2021 (Our World in Data): 1,539 - Total excess deaths in 2020 (WHO): 3,203.663 - Total excess deaths in 2021 (WHO): 3,344.758

#### Lithuania - Total population: 2,813,500 - Total official COVID deaths in 2020 (Our World in Data): 1,617 - Total official COVID deaths in 2021 (Our World in Data): 5,685 - Total excess deaths in 2020 (WHO): 6,154.16 - Total excess deaths in 2021 (WHO): 11,292.63

#### Latvia - Total population: 1,892,761 - Total official COVID deaths in 2020 (Our World in Data): 632 - Total official COVID deaths in 2021 (Our World in Data): 4,183 - Total excess deaths in 2020 (WHO):
- Total excess deaths in 2021 (WHO): 6,846.926

#### Republic of Moldova - Total population: 3,082,703 - Total official COVID deaths in 2020 (Our World in Data): 2,960 - Total official COVID deaths in 2021 (Our World in Data): 7,224 - Total excess deaths in 2020 (WHO): 5,436.351 - Total excess deaths in 2021 (WHO): 10,905.46

#### Mexico - Total population: 125,917,904 - Total official COVID deaths in 2020 (Our World in Data): 143,890 - Total official COVID deaths in 2021 (Our World in Data): 159,365 - Total excess deaths in 2020 (WHO): 297,154 - Total excess deaths in 2021 (WHO): 315,216

#### Mongolia - Total population: 3,293,544 - Total official COVID deaths in 2020 (Our World in Data): 1 - Total official COVID deaths in 2021 (Our World in Data): 1,980 - Total excess deaths in 2020 (WHO):
- Total excess deaths in 2021 (WHO): 2,599.867

#### Nicaragua - Total population: 6,754,777 - Total official COVID deaths in 2020 (Our World in Data): 164 - Total official COVID deaths in 2021 (Our World in Data): 52 - Total excess deaths in 2020 (WHO): 8,118.323 - Total excess deaths in 2021 (WHO):

#### Netherlands - Total population: 17,403,110 - Total official COVID deaths in 2020 (Our World in Data): 11,539 - Total official COVID deaths in 2021 (Our World in Data): 9,421 - Total excess deaths in 2020 (WHO): 14,530.01 - Total excess deaths in 2021 (WHO): 16,001.69

#### Oman - Total population: 4,542,924 - Total official COVID deaths in 2020 (Our World in Data): 1,491 - Total official COVID deaths in 2021 (Our World in Data): 2,989 - Total excess deaths in 2020 (WHO): 2,534.465 - Total excess deaths in 2021 (WHO): 5,942.41

#### Panama - Total population: 4,291,548 - Total official COVID deaths in 2020 (Our World in Data): 3,756 - Total official COVID deaths in 2021 (Our World in Data): 3,653 - Total excess deaths in 2020 (WHO): 2,861.276 - Total excess deaths in 2021 (WHO):

#### Peru - Total population: 33,290,096 - Total official COVID deaths in 2020 (Our World in Data): 92,523 - Total official COVID deaths in 2021 (Our World in Data): 109,931 - Total excess deaths in 2020 (WHO): 100,106.6 - Total excess deaths in 2021 (WHO): 124,084.2

#### Poland - Total population: 38,358,520 - Total official COVID deaths in 2020 (Our World in Data): 27,207 - Total official COVID deaths in 2021 (Our World in Data): 67,123 - Total excess deaths in 2020 (WHO): 63,032.16 - Total excess deaths in 2021 (WHO): 100,112.2

#### Portugal - Total population: 10,274,559 - Total official COVID deaths in 2020 (Our World in Data): 6,695 - Total official COVID deaths in 2021 (Our World in Data): 12,193 - Total excess deaths in 2020 (WHO): 11,245.03 - Total excess deaths in 2021 (WHO): 12,245.21

#### Paraguay - Total population: 6,615,894 - Total official COVID deaths in 2020 (Our World in Data): 2,154 - Total official COVID deaths in 2021 (Our World in Data): 14,444 - Total excess deaths in 2020 (WHO):
- Total excess deaths in 2021 (WHO): 18,371.62

#### Romania - Total population: 19,411,764 - Total official COVID deaths in 2020 (Our World in Data): 15,108 - Total official COVID deaths in 2021 (Our World in Data): 43,428 - Total excess deaths in 2020 (WHO): 37,164.14 - Total excess deaths in 2021 (WHO): 76,235.53

#### Russian Federation - Total population: 145,420,443 - Total official COVID deaths in 2020 (Our World in Data): 54,778 - Total official COVID deaths in 2021 (Our World in Data): 249,440 - Total excess deaths in 2020 (WHO): 380,136.8 - Total excess deaths in 2021 (WHO): 713,027.8

#### Serbia - Total population: 7,347,278 - Total official COVID deaths in 2020 (Our World in Data): 2,983 - Total official COVID deaths in 2021 (Our World in Data): 9,585 - Total excess deaths in 2020 (WHO): 16,724.08 - Total excess deaths in 2021 (WHO): 36,442.32

#### Slovakia - Total population: 5,449,592 - Total official COVID deaths in 2020 (Our World in Data): 1,773 - Total official COVID deaths in 2021 (Our World in Data): 14,625 - Total excess deaths in 2020 (WHO): 5,849.537 - Total excess deaths in 2021 (WHO): 20,291.01

#### Sweden - Total population: 10,347,118 - Total official COVID deaths in 2020 (Our World in Data): 9,323 - Total official COVID deaths in 2021 (Our World in Data): 5,979 - Total excess deaths in 2020 (WHO): 8,932.776 - Total excess deaths in 2021 (WHO): 3,273.921

#### Thailand - Total population: 71,392,182 - Total official COVID deaths in 2020 (Our World in Data): 60 - Total official COVID deaths in 2021 (Our World in Data): 21,520 - Total excess deaths in 2020 (WHO): 7,530.558 - Total excess deaths in 2021 (WHO): 66,204.06

#### Tunisia - Total population: 12,156,148 - Total official COVID deaths in 2020 (Our World in Data): 4,426 - Total official COVID deaths in 2021 (Our World in Data): 21,097 - Total excess deaths in 2020 (WHO): 4,322.457 - Total excess deaths in 2021 (WHO):

#### Ukraine - Total population: 43,843,015 - Total official COVID deaths in 2020 (Our World in Data): 15,278 - Total official COVID deaths in 2021 (Our World in Data): 77,255 - Total excess deaths in 2020 (WHO): 43,125.64 - Total excess deaths in 2021 (WHO): 144,710.5

#### Uruguay - Total population: 3,422,352 - Total official COVID deaths in 2020 (Our World in Data): 143 - Total official COVID deaths in 2021 (Our World in Data): 6,019 - Total excess deaths in 2020 (WHO):
- Total excess deaths in 2021 (WHO): 5,906.342

#### USA - Total population: 335,410,796 - Total official COVID deaths in 2020 (Our World in Data): 342,920 - Total official COVID deaths in 2021 (Our World in Data): 469,667 - Total excess deaths in 2020 (WHO): 467,312.8 - Total excess deaths in 2021 (WHO): 501,112.5

#### Uzbekistan - Total population: 33,520,434 - Total official COVID deaths in 2020 (Our World in Data): NA - Total official COVID deaths in 2021 (Our World in Data): NA - Total excess deaths in 2020 (WHO): 15,794.15 - Total excess deaths in 2021 (WHO): 14,826.1

#### South Africa - Total population: 58,778,516 - Total official COVID deaths in 2020 (Our World in Data): 26,521 - Total official COVID deaths in 2021 (Our World in Data): 64,252 - Total excess deaths in 2020 (WHO): 56,967.63 - Total excess deaths in 2021 (WHO): 189,834.3

#### Malaysia - Total population: 33,190,884 - Total official COVID deaths in 2020 (Our World in Data): 451 - Total official COVID deaths in 2021 (Our World in Data): 30,883 - Total excess deaths in 2020 (WHO):
- Total excess deaths in 2021 (WHO):