Niger Psychosocial ASP Study

Packages and functions

Functions for tables

Load and clean data

Study 1

Datasets

Descriptives

# must take others opinions into account
table(df.asp.bl$scs3_new)

## 
##    1    2    3    4 
##   58  389 2728 1416

df.asp.bl$scs3_newbin <- if_else(df.asp.bl$scs3_new >2, 1,0)
mean(df.asp.bl$scs3_newbin, na.rm=T) # 90%

## [1] 0.9026356

# must sacrifice self for others
table(df.asp.bl$tg1_new)

## 
##    1    2    3    4 
##  162  796 2567 1058

df.asp.bl$tg1_new_bin <- if_else(df.asp.bl$tg1_new >2, 1,0)
mean(df.asp.bl$tg1_new_bin, na.rm=T) # 79%

## [1] 0.7909666

# distance to nearest market
mean(df.asp.bl1$hou_mar_min, na.rm=T) # 73 min

## [1] 72.63368

# develop together
Hmisc::describe(de.ctl$aut_dev_r)

## de.ctl$aut_dev_r 
##        n  missing distinct     Info      Sum     Mean 
##     1215        1        2    0.372     1039   0.8551

mean(de.ctl$aut_dev_r, na.rm=T) # 86% 

## [1] 0.855144

vec <- c(176, 1039)
chisq.test(vec, p = c(1/2, 1/2)) # X-squared = 612.98, df = 1, p-value < 2.2e-16

## 
##  Chi-squared test for given probabilities
## 
## data:  vec
## X-squared = 612.98, df = 1, p-value < 2.2e-16

Descriptive Mental Models

Top Drivers of Success

# Success

### Niger
Hmisc::describe(de.ctl$TopSuccess)

## de.ctl$TopSuccess 
##        n  missing distinct 
##     1216        0        4 
##                                                                    
## Value      Good Relationships          Hard work              Peace
## Frequency                 268                280                517
## Proportion              0.220              0.230              0.425
##                              
## Value         Self-Initiative
## Frequency                 151
## Proportion              0.124

# Value      Good Relationships          Hard work              Peace    Self-Initiative
# Frequency                 268                280                517                151
# Proportion              0.220              0.230              0.425              0.124
vec <- c(268, 280, 517, 151)
chisq.test(vec, p = c(1/4, 1/4, 1/4, 1/4)) # X-squared = 232.4, df = 3, p<.001

## 
##  Chi-squared test for given probabilities
## 
## data:  vec
## X-squared = 232.4, df = 3, p-value < 2.2e-16

table(de.ctl$TopSuccess_Inter)

## 
##   0   1 
## 431 785

vec <- c(431, 785)
chisq.test(vec, p = c(1/2, 1/2)) # X-squared = 103.06, df = 1, p-value < 2.2e-16

## 
##  Chi-squared test for given probabilities
## 
## data:  vec
## X-squared = 103.06, df = 1, p-value < 2.2e-16

### USA
table(de.usa$important_quality_1)

## 
## Connections    Hardwork  Initiative    Peaceful 
##          26          81         112          83

# Connections    Hardwork  Initiative    Peaceful 
#          26          81         112          83
table(de.usa$TopSuccess_Inter)

## 
##   0   1 
## 193 109

length(de.usa$TopSuccess_Inter)

## [1] 302

vec <- c(193, 109)
chisq.test(vec, p = c(1/2, 1/2)) # X-squared = 112.65, df = 3, p-value < .001

## 
##  Chi-squared test for given probabilities
## 
## data:  vec
## X-squared = 23.364, df = 1, p-value = 1.34e-06

## de.ctl$TopFail 
##        n  missing distinct 
##     1216        0        4 
##                                                                   
## Value             Not being persistent Not planning for the future
## Frequency                          221                         162
## Proportion                       0.182                       0.133
##                                                                   
## Value            Not respecting others               Tension in hh
## Frequency                          505                         328
## Proportion                       0.415                       0.270

## 
##        Not being persistent Not planning for the future 
##                         221                         162 
##       Not respecting others               Tension in hh 
##                         505                         328

## 
##  Chi-squared test for given probabilities
## 
## data:  vec
## X-squared = 223.78, df = 3, p-value < 2.2e-16

## de.ctl$TopFail_Inter 
##        n  missing distinct 
##     1216        0        2 
##                       
## Value          0     1
## Frequency    383   833
## Proportion 0.315 0.685

## 
##  Chi-squared test for given probabilities
## 
## data:  vec
## X-squared = 166.53, df = 1, p-value < 2.2e-16

## 
##   0   1 
## 176 126

## [1] 302

## 
##  Chi-squared test for given probabilities
## 
## data:  vec
## X-squared = 33.213, df = 1, p-value = 8.258e-09

Fig 2

## de.ctl$TopSuccess 
##        n  missing distinct 
##     1216        0        4 
##                                                                    
## Value      Good Relationships          Hard work              Peace
## Frequency                 268                280                517
## Proportion              0.220              0.230              0.425
##                              
## Value         Self-Initiative
## Frequency                 151
## Proportion              0.124

## de.usa$important_quality_1 
##        n  missing distinct 
##      302        0        4 
##                                                           
## Value      Connections    Hardwork  Initiative    Peaceful
## Frequency           26          81         112          83
## Proportion       0.086       0.268       0.371       0.275

## [1] "Social \nconnections \n " "Hard work"               
## [3] "Peacefulness"             "Self-\ninitiative"

Top Barriers to Success

## de.ctl$TopFail 
##        n  missing distinct 
##     1216        0        4 
##                                                                   
## Value             Not being persistent Not planning for the future
## Frequency                          221                         162
## Proportion                       0.182                       0.133
##                                                                   
## Value            Not respecting others               Tension in hh
## Frequency                          505                         328
## Proportion                       0.415                       0.270

## de.usa$important_failure_1 
##        n  missing distinct 
##      302        0        4 
##                                                           
## Value      NoPersevere      NoPlan   NoRespect     Tension
## Frequency           30         146          39          87
## Proportion       0.099       0.483       0.129       0.288

Fig 1

Study 2:

Table S1

## # A tibble: 1,152 × 13
##    `Collective Action` `Social Standing` `Self-Efficacy` `Future Expectations`
##                  <dbl>             <dbl>           <dbl>                 <dbl>
##  1              -0.654            -0.523        -0.516                 -0.0498
##  2               0.888             0.932         0.260                  0.722 
##  3              -0.137            -0.523         0.778                  0.531 
##  4               0.917            -1.17         -0.257                 -1.66  
##  5              -0.654             1.58          1.81                   0.722 
##  6               0.286             0.932         0.778                  0.0892
##  7              -1.69              0.285         0.00157               -0.490 
##  8              -0.654             0.770         1.04                   1.24  
##  9              -0.654            -1.98          0.260                 -1.48  
## 10              -1.17              0.608         1.81                   0.504 
## # ℹ 1,142 more rows
## # ℹ 9 more variables: `Controls Earnings` <dbl>, `Mental Health` <dbl>,
## #   `Social Support` <dbl>, `Social Norms` <dbl>,
## #   `Intra-Household Dynamics` <dbl>, `Financial Support` <dbl>,
## #   `Social Cohesion` <dbl>, `IPV Perceptions` <dbl>, `Control in HH` <dbl>

	Collective Action	Social Standing	Self-Efficacy	Future Expectations	Controls Earnings	Mental Health	Social Support	Social Norms	Intra-Household Dynamics	Financial Support	Social Cohesion	IPV Perceptions	Control in HH
Collective Action	NA	0.04	0.18***	0.09**	0.08**	0	0.12***	0.04	0.09**	0.18***	0.16***	0.08**	0.09**
Social Standing	0.04	NA	0.24***	0.52***	0.09**	0.36***	0.08**	0.1***	-0.03	0.02	0.04	0	0.09**
Self-Efficacy	0.18***	0.24***	NA	0.26***	0.17***	0.23***	0.1**	0.12***	0.08**	0.21***	0.25***	0.04	0.23***
Future Expectations	0.09**	0.52***	0.26***	NA	0.05	0.3***	0.1***	0.01	0	0.01	0	0.07*	0.08*
Controls Earnings	0.08**	0.09**	0.17***	0.05	NA	0.05	0.03	0.19***	0.1***	0.11***	0.02	-0.13***	0.55***
Mental Health	0	0.36***	0.23***	0.3***	0.05	NA	-0.03	0.11***	0.06*	0.09**	0.13***	-0.07*	0.06†
Social Support	0.12***	0.08**	0.1**	0.1***	0.03	-0.03	NA	0.06*	-0.04	0.22***	0.08**	0.18***	0.02
Social Norms	0.04	0.1***	0.12***	0.01	0.19***	0.11***	0.06*	NA	-0.04	0.03	0.01	-0.04	0.26***
Intra-Household Dynamics	0.09**	-0.03	0.08**	0	0.1***	0.06*	-0.04	-0.04	NA	0.07*	0.22***	-0.14***	0.08**
Financial Support	0.18***	0.02	0.21***	0.01	0.11***	0.09**	0.22***	0.03	0.07*	NA	0.32***	0.04	0.05
Social Cohesion	0.16***	0.04	0.25***	0	0.02	0.13***	0.08**	0.01	0.22***	0.32***	NA	-0.08**	0.04
IPV Perceptions	0.08**	0	0.04	0.07*	-0.13***	-0.07*	0.18***	-0.04	-0.14***	0.04	-0.08**	NA	-0.05
Control in HH	0.09**	0.09**	0.23***	0.08*	0.55***	0.06†	0.02	0.26***	0.08**	0.05	0.04	-0.05	NA

Table S2

	Work Days/Mo (Bus.)	Bus. Investments	No. HH Bus.	Financial Support	Intra-Household Dynamics	Social Norms	Social Support	Mental Health	Controls Earnings	Future Expectations	Self-Efficacy	Social Standing	Collective Action
Work Days/Mo (Bus.)	NA	0.31***	0.44***	0.04	0.02	0.13***	0.09**	0.05†	0.17***	0.06*	0.1**	0.11***	0.09**
Bus. Investments	0.31***	NA	0.28***	-0.02	-0.05	0.11***	0.09**	0	0.17***	0.07*	0.05†	0.08**	0.02
No. HH Bus.	0.44***	0.28***	NA	0.04	-0.07*	0.17***	0.08**	0.07*	0.12***	0.03	0.09**	0.13***	0.07*
Financial Support	0.04	-0.02	0.04	NA	0.07*	0.03	0.22***	0.09**	0.11***	0.01	0.21***	0.02	0.18***
Intra-Household Dynamics	0.02	-0.05	-0.07*	0.07*	NA	-0.04	-0.04	0.06*	0.1***	0	0.08**	-0.03	0.09**
Social Norms	0.13***	0.11***	0.17***	0.03	-0.04	NA	0.06*	0.11***	0.19***	0.01	0.12***	0.1***	0.04
Social Support	0.09**	0.09**	0.08**	0.22***	-0.04	0.06*	NA	-0.03	0.03	0.1***	0.1**	0.08**	0.12***
Mental Health	0.05†	0	0.07*	0.09**	0.06*	0.11***	-0.03	NA	0.05	0.3***	0.23***	0.36***	0
Controls Earnings	0.17***	0.17***	0.12***	0.11***	0.1***	0.19***	0.03	0.05	NA	0.05	0.17***	0.09**	0.08**
Future Expectations	0.06*	0.07*	0.03	0.01	0	0.01	0.1***	0.3***	0.05	NA	0.26***	0.52***	0.09**
Self-Efficacy	0.1**	0.05†	0.09**	0.21***	0.08**	0.12***	0.1**	0.23***	0.17***	0.26***	NA	0.24***	0.18***
Social Standing	0.11***	0.08**	0.13***	0.02	-0.03	0.1***	0.08**	0.36***	0.09**	0.52***	0.24***	NA	0.04
Collective Action	0.09**	0.02	0.07*	0.18***	0.09**	0.04	0.12***	0	0.08**	0.09**	0.18***	0.04	NA

Table 1, column 5

Note that columns 3-4 are taken from Bossuroy et al. (2022) tables SI.14-SI.26, with slight modifications to the financial support and control over earnings indices.

Bivariate correlations of psychosocial variables with women’s business revenues

	x
Business Revenues	NA
Financial Support	0
Intra-Household Dynamics	0.05†
Social Norms	0.13***
Social Support	0.11***
Mental Health	0.05†
Controls Earnings	0.17***
Future Expectations	0.07*
Self-Efficacy	0.11***
Social Standing	0.14***
Collective Action	0.05†
Social Cohesion	0.01
Control in HH	0.08**
IPV Perceptions	-0.01

Study 3

Table S3

Descriptives

	Control (N=1296)	T.ind (N=666)	T.rel (N=666)	Total (N=2628)	p value
PMT poverty score					0.487
Mean (SD)	12.26 (0.31)	12.25 (0.33)	12.25 (0.31)	12.26 (0.31)
Range	11.19 - 12.93	11.15 - 12.93	11.02 - 12.93	11.02 - 12.93
Age					0.964
Mean (SD)	34.33 (14.10)	34.39 (13.78)	34.51 (14.01)	34.39 (13.99)
Range	18.00 - 100.00	18.00 - 90.00	18.00 - 100.00	18.00 - 100.00
Is head of household					0.660
Mean (SD)	0.12 (0.32)	0.13 (0.34)	0.12 (0.33)	0.12 (0.33)
Range	0.00 - 1.00	0.00 - 1.00	0.00 - 1.00	0.00 - 1.00
Is nomad					0.733
Mean (SD)	0.10 (0.30)	0.11 (0.32)	0.11 (0.31)	0.11 (0.31)
Range	0.00 - 1.00	0.00 - 1.00	0.00 - 1.00	0.00 - 1.00
ASP treatment arm					0.955
Complet	782 (60.3%)	398 (59.8%)	398 (59.8%)	1578 (60.0%)
Social	514 (39.7%)	268 (40.2%)	268 (40.2%)	1050 (40.0%)
ASP timing					0.549
Early	729 (56.2%)	361 (54.2%)	360 (54.1%)	1450 (55.2%)
Late	567 (43.8%)	305 (45.8%)	306 (45.9%)	1178 (44.8%)
Participant in ASP trial					< 0.001
Mean (SD)	0.13 (0.34)	0.22 (0.42)	0.23 (0.42)	0.18 (0.38)
Range	0.00 - 1.00	0.00 - 1.00	0.00 - 1.00	0.00 - 1.00

Attrition analyses

Table S4

## 
## z test of coefficients:
## 
##                Estimate Std. Error  z value  Pr(>|z|)    
## (Intercept)    -3.67873    0.26881 -13.6854 < 2.2e-16 ***
## conditionT.ind  0.15528    0.20384   0.7618   0.44619    
## conditionT.rel -0.52480    0.25339  -2.0711   0.03835 *  
## typepaquet_c   -0.33052    0.17875  -1.8491   0.06445 .  
## timing_c        0.13751    0.18109   0.7594   0.44763    
## isbaseline_c   -2.04234    0.51123  -3.9950 6.471e-05 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1

Association of Attrition with Baseline Sociodemographics

Outcome	df	beta	SE	pval
PMT	2623	0.55	0.35	0.121
Age	2623	0.01	0.01	0.025*
Is head of household	2623	0.5	0.23	0.030*
Is nomad	2623	0.05	0.29	0.865

Treatment effects

Psychosocial Outcomes

Table 2

Treatment effects: Psychosocial outcomes - Well-being

Outcome	df	Control (SD)	T.ind Coef (SE) Robust p-value Cluster robust p-value	T.rel Coef (SE) Robust p-value Cluster robust p-value
Well-being	2487	0 ( 1 )	0.09 ( 0.05 ) 0.049* 0.069†	0.08 ( 0.05 ) 0.089† 0.096†
cd1_r	2473	5.13 ( 1.9 )	0.16 ( 0.09 ) 0.089† 0.160	0.19 ( 0.09 ) 0.035* 0.060†
cd2_r	2473	5.16 ( 1.78 )	0 ( 0.09 ) 0.968 0.971	0.1 ( 0.09 ) 0.259 0.274
cd3_r	2473	5.44 ( 1.8 )	0.01 ( 0.09 ) 0.862 0.846	0.01 ( 0.09 ) 0.950 0.950
cd4_r	2473	5 ( 1.86 )	0.1 ( 0.09 ) 0.279 0.322	0 ( 0.09 ) 0.956 0.960
cd5	2473	3.92 ( 2.42 )	-0.03 ( 0.12 ) 0.799 0.840	0.05 ( 0.12 ) 0.635 0.695
cd6_r	2473	5.16 ( 1.83 )	0.1 ( 0.09 ) 0.269 0.294	0.22 ( 0.09 ) 0.012 0.020
cd7_r	2473	4.79 ( 1.97 )	0.16 ( 0.1 ) 0.099† 0.084†	0.11 ( 0.09 ) 0.260 0.245
cd8	2473	3.91 ( 2.14 )	0.23 ( 0.1 ) 0.030* 0.056†	0.03 ( 0.1 ) 0.751 0.777
cd9_r	2473	5.65 ( 1.77 )	0.02 ( 0.09 ) 0.800 0.827	-0.06 ( 0.09 ) 0.502 0.545
cd10_r	2473	5.08 ( 1.79 )	0.07 ( 0.09 ) 0.402 0.408	-0.04 ( 0.09 ) 0.659 0.677
stair_satis_today	2473	5.81 ( 1.72 )	0.17 ( 0.08 ) 0.047 0.039	0.11 ( 0.08 ) 0.178 0.243
stairs_peace	2473	6.59 ( 1.74 )	0.1 ( 0.08 ) 0.223 0.242	0.1 ( 0.09 ) 0.243 0.303
god_bless_r	2473	4.57 ( 0.66 )	0.02 ( 0.03 ) 0.438 0.512	0.04 ( 0.03 ) 0.204 0.292
health_phys	2473	3.28 ( 1.01 )	0 ( 0.05 ) 0.961 0.961	0.04 ( 0.05 ) 0.389 0.420

Treatment effects: Psychosocial outcomes - Self-efficacy

Outcome	df	Control (SD)	T.ind Coef (SE) Robust p-value Cluster robust p-value	T.rel Coef (SE) Robust p-value Cluster robust p-value
Self-Efficacy	2473	0 ( 1 )	0.09 ( 0.05 ) 0.068† 0.093†	0.02 ( 0.05 ) 0.595 0.643
gse2	2473	3.01 ( 0.82 )	0.02 ( 0.04 ) 0.664 0.687	-0.02 ( 0.04 ) 0.646 0.692
gse3	2473	3.27 ( 0.64 )	0.04 ( 0.03 ) 0.259 0.290	0 ( 0.03 ) 0.929 0.940
gse4	2473	3.01 ( 0.77 )	0.04 ( 0.04 ) 0.224 0.246	0.03 ( 0.04 ) 0.388 0.424
gse7	2473	3.06 ( 0.77 )	0.06 ( 0.04 ) 0.068† 0.125	0.01 ( 0.03 ) 0.836 0.864
ros4	2473	3.14 ( 0.75 )	0.05 ( 0.04 ) 0.137 0.163	0.04 ( 0.04 ) 0.271 0.284

Treatment effects: Psychosocial outcomes - Social Standing

Outcome	df	Control (SD)	T.ind Coef (SE) Robust p-value Cluster robust p-value	T.rel Coef (SE) Robust p-value Cluster robust p-value
Social Standing	2473	0 ( 1 )	0.03 ( 0.05 ) 0.527 0.582	0.05 ( 0.05 ) 0.318 0.394
stair_status_today	2473	4.91 ( 1.88 )	0.19 ( 0.09 ) 0.045* 0.091†	0.15 ( 0.09 ) 0.090† 0.141
stair_respect	2473	6.46 ( 1.72 )	0 ( 0.09 ) 0.990 0.992	0.01 ( 0.09 ) 0.928 0.937
stair_good_today	2473	6.82 ( 1.69 )	-0.05 ( 0.08 ) 0.589 0.587	0.05 ( 0.08 ) 0.542 0.578

Treatment effects: Psychosocial outcomes - Social Support

Outcome	df	Control (SD)	T.ind Coef (SE) Robust p-value Cluster robust p-value	T.rel Coef (SE) Robust p-value Cluster robust p-value
Social Support	2487	0 ( 1 )	0.09 ( 0.05 ) 0.057† 0.114	0.09 ( 0.05 ) 0.077† 0.125
soc_tips_in_psy	2473	4.8 ( 3.32 )	0.52 ( 0.17 ) 0.002** 0.015*	0.37 ( 0.16 ) 0.020 0.046
soc_tips_psy	2473	5.25 ( 3.19 )	0.02 ( 0.15 ) 0.894 0.911	0.3 ( 0.15 ) 0.048* 0.095†
soc_confl	2473	5.52 ( 3.19 )	0.2 ( 0.16 ) 0.212 0.278	0.25 ( 0.16 ) 0.117 0.208
accesstofunds_r	2473	1.9 ( 1.05 )	0.03 ( 0.05 ) 0.542 0.572	-0.05 ( 0.05 ) 0.345 0.393

Treatment effects: Psychosocial outcomes - Social Cohesion and Trust

Outcome	df	Control (SD)	T.ind Coef (SE) Robust p-value Cluster robust p-value	T.rel Coef (SE) Robust p-value Cluster robust p-value
Social Cohesion	2473	0 ( 1 )	-0.05 ( 0.05 ) 0.300 0.361	0 ( 0.05 ) 0.982 0.985
for_trust_1	2473	4.9 ( 1.99 )	0 ( 0.1 ) 0.965 0.965	-0.13 ( 0.09 ) 0.146 0.226
enemy_r	2473	2.87 ( 1.02 )	0 ( 0.05 ) 0.954 0.959	0 ( 0.05 ) 0.975 0.979
los2	2473	2.42 ( 0.84 )	-0.02 ( 0.04 ) 0.700 0.729	0.04 ( 0.04 ) 0.277 0.306
tg1	2437	3.24 ( 0.84 )	-0.07 ( 0.04 ) 0.084† 0.155	0.01 ( 0.04 ) 0.725 0.740

Treatment effects: Psychosocial outcomes - Decision-making

Outcome	df	Control (SD)	T.ind Coef (SE) Robust p-value Cluster robust p-value	T.rel Coef (SE) Robust p-value Cluster robust p-value
Decision-Making	2473	0 ( 1 )	-0.02 ( 0.05 ) 0.627 0.578	-0.03 ( 0.05 ) 0.584 0.613
dec_pow_earn	2347	2.8 ( 0.48 )	0.01 ( 0.02 ) 0.531 0.517	-0.02 ( 0.03 ) 0.450 0.483
dec_pow_bus	2280	2.59 ( 0.63 )	-0.02 ( 0.03 ) 0.469 0.436	0 ( 0.03 ) 0.945 0.946
dec_pow_spend	2408	2.68 ( 0.54 )	-0.02 ( 0.03 ) 0.457 0.451	-0.02 ( 0.03 ) 0.462 0.515
free_work_r	2473	0.84 ( 0.36 )	-0.01 ( 0.02 ) 0.763 0.777	0.01 ( 0.02 ) 0.657 0.692

Treatment effects: Psychosocial outcomes - Intra-household Dynamics

Outcome	df	Control (SD)	T.ind Coef (SE) Robust p-value Cluster robust p-value	T.rel Coef (SE) Robust p-value Cluster robust p-value
Partner Dynamics	2226	0 ( 1 )	0.07 ( 0.05 ) 0.169 0.181	0.08 ( 0.05 ) 0.102 0.157
rel_disagree_r	2168	2.34 ( 1.17 )	0.05 ( 0.06 ) 0.379 0.369	0.07 ( 0.06 ) 0.220 0.271
los3	2203	3.46 ( 0.65 )	0.04 ( 0.03 ) 0.278 0.321	0.04 ( 0.03 ) 0.295 0.373
Household Dynamics	2487	0 ( 1 )	0.03 ( 0.05 ) 0.458 0.507	0.1 ( 0.04 ) 0.021 0.045
los1	2473	2.9 ( 0.9 )	0.03 ( 0.04 ) 0.492 0.523	0.11 ( 0.04 ) 0.008** 0.017*
tens_house_r	2473	3.64 ( 0.68 )	0 ( 0.03 ) 0.988 0.988	0.01 ( 0.03 ) 0.780 0.802
rel_resp	2473	3.19 ( 1.06 )	0.03 ( 0.05 ) 0.538 0.571	0.09 ( 0.05 ) 0.070† 0.124

Treatment effects: Psychosocial outcomes - Redistrbutive Preferences

Outcome	df	Control (SD)	T.ind Coef (SE) Robust p-value Cluster robust p-value	T.rel Coef (SE) Robust p-value Cluster robust p-value
Redistributive Preferences	2473	0 ( 1 )	0.02 ( 0.05 ) 0.650 0.706	0.03 ( 0.05 ) 0.550 0.585
aut_aum_comb_wins	2473	728.91 ( 718.54 )	22.8 ( 36.11 ) 0.528 0.558	16.43 ( 35.95 ) 0.648 0.661
aut_rend_comb	2473	14.11 ( 16.25 )	1.08 ( 0.83 ) 0.194 0.240	1.09 ( 0.82 ) 0.183 0.229
aut_dev_r	2472	0.86 ( 0.35 )	-0.02 ( 0.02 ) 0.278 0.340	-0.01 ( 0.02 ) 0.499 0.597

Economic Outcomes

Table S5

Treatment effects: Economic outcome indices

Outcome	df	Control (SD)	T.ind Coef (SE) Robust p-value Cluster robust p-value	T.rel Coef (SE) Robust p-value Cluster robust p-value
Food Security Index	2473	0 ( 1 )	0.07 ( 0.05 ) 0.152 0.262	0.11 ( 0.05 ) 0.029* 0.059†
Business Omnibus Index	2474	0 ( 1 )	0.04 ( 0.05 ) 0.388 0.469	0.09 ( 0.05 ) 0.069† 0.107
Economic Composite Index	2474	0 ( 1 )	0.07 ( 0.05 ) 0.168 0.263	0.12 ( 0.05 ) 0.012 0.021

Treatment effects: Food Security outcomes

Outcome	df	Control (SD)	T.ind Coef (SE) Robust p-value Cluster robust p-value	T.rel Coef (SE) Robust p-value Cluster robust p-value
Food Security Index	2473	0 ( 1 )	0.07 ( 0.05 ) 0.152 0.262	0.11 ( 0.05 ) 0.029* 0.059†
Food security (hh)	2473	6.83 ( 1.52 )	0.15 ( 0.07 ) 0.034* 0.074†	0.16 ( 0.07 ) 0.032* 0.054†
Dietary diversity	2473	9.12 ( 8.75 )	0.07 ( 0.42 ) 0.870 0.898	0.59 ( 0.43 ) 0.169 0.214

Treatment effects: Economic outcomes - Business outcomes

Outcome	df	Control (SD)	T.ind Coef (SE) Robust p-value Cluster robust p-value	T.rel Coef (SE) Robust p-value Cluster robust p-value
Business Omnibus Index	2474	0 ( 1 )	0.04 ( 0.05 ) 0.388 0.469	0.09 ( 0.05 ) 0.069† 0.107
Business Engagement Index	2474	0 ( 1 )	0.05 ( 0.05 ) 0.294 0.346	0.09 ( 0.05 ) 0.053† 0.093†
Has a business	2474	0.82 ( 0.38 )	-0.01 ( 0.02 ) 0.778 0.779	0.03 ( 0.02 ) 0.079† 0.118
No. businesses	2474	1.24 ( 1.21 )	0.01 ( 0.06 ) 0.848 0.856	0.05 ( 0.06 ) 0.370 0.410
No. businesses past year	2474	0.48 ( 1.04 )	0.04 ( 0.05 ) 0.395 0.393	0.05 ( 0.05 ) 0.295 0.331
Business investments (yearly, USD)	2474	106.12 ( 181.94 )	19.78 ( 9.17 ) 0.031* 0.059†	14.22 ( 8.85 ) 0.108 0.163
Business asset value (USD)	2474	15.02 ( 22.19 )	0.62 ( 1.13 ) 0.585 0.629	0.9 ( 1.09 ) 0.409 0.474
No. days worked	2474	17.47 ( 20.15 )	0.78 ( 0.94 ) 0.407 0.497	0.82 ( 0.9 ) 0.366 0.402
Growth intentions	2474	1.06 ( 0.83 )	0.01 ( 0.04 ) 0.750 0.761	0.07 ( 0.04 ) 0.087† 0.119
Practices	2457	0 ( 1 )	0.05 ( 0.05 ) 0.274 0.311	0.06 ( 0.04 ) 0.184 0.254
Business Performance Index	2474	0 ( 1 )	0 ( 0.05 ) 0.943 0.955	0.05 ( 0.05 ) 0.354 0.377
Business profits (monthly, USD)	2474	35.61 ( 50.24 )	-0.49 ( 2.44 ) 0.841 0.876	2.91 ( 2.53 ) 0.249 0.297
Business revenues (monthly, USD)	2474	118.45 ( 162.2 )	2.68 ( 7.88 ) 0.734 0.783	5.01 ( 7.86 ) 0.524 0.518

Table S6

Robustness: Treatment effects controlling for age and head of household status: Outcome indices

Outcome	df	Control (SD)	T.ind Coef (SE) Robust p-value Cluster robust p-value	T.rel Coef (SE) Robust p-value Cluster robust p-value
Food Security Index	2471	0 ( 1 )	0.07 ( 0.05 ) 0.150 0.260	0.11 ( 0.05 ) 0.029* 0.059†
Business Omnibus Index	2472	0 ( 1 )	0.04 ( 0.05 ) 0.391 0.470	0.09 ( 0.05 ) 0.070† 0.107
Economic Composite Index	2472	0 ( 1 )	0.07 ( 0.05 ) 0.167 0.262	0.12 ( 0.05 ) 0.012 0.021
Psychosocial Composite Index	2485	0 ( 1 )	0.1 ( 0.05 ) 0.039* 0.058†	0.12 ( 0.05 ) 0.014 0.029
Psychological Composite Index	2485	0 ( 1 )	0.14 ( 0.05 ) 0.003** 0.010*	0.12 ( 0.04 ) 0.009** 0.023*
Social Composite Index	2485	0 ( 1 )	0.05 ( 0.05 ) 0.333 0.337	0.09 ( 0.05 ) 0.072† 0.118

Intensity / saturation of treatment within villages

Table S8-S9

Treatment effects by Saturation Level: Psychosocial outcome indices

Outcome	df	Control (SD)	T.50 Coef (SE) Cluster robust p-value	T.75 Coef (SE) Cluster robust p-value
Psychosocial Composite Index	2487	-0.02 ( 1.02 )	0.08 0.09 0.382	0.15 0.09 0.087
Psychological Composite Index	2487	-0.03 ( 1.07 )	0.13 0.09 0.145	0.14 0.08 0.075
Well-Being	2487	-0.03 ( 1.04 )	0.07 0.08 0.39	0.14 0.08 0.086
Self-Efficacy	2473	-0.02 ( 1 )	0.05 0.09 0.57	0.04 0.08 0.636
Future Expectations	2473	-0.03 ( 1.04 )	0.15 0.08 0.079	0.13 0.08 0.079
Social Composite Index	2487	0 ( 0.99 )	0.03 0.09 0.749	0.11 0.08 0.176
Partner Dynamics	2226	0.06 ( 1.01 )	-0.03 0.06 0.674	0.01 0.07 0.906
Household Dynamics	2487	-0.01 ( 0.99 )	0.04 0.08 0.648	0.14 0.08 0.087
Decision-Making	2473	-0.02 ( 1.03 )	-0.03 0.08 0.693	0.05 0.07 0.43
Social Standing	2473	-0.02 ( 1.04 )	0.06 0.09 0.522	0.1 0.09 0.27
Social Support	2487	0 ( 0.98 )	0.07 0.07 0.323	0.08 0.07 0.202
Social Cohesion	2473	-0.01 ( 0.98 )	-0.01 0.08 0.87	-0.02 0.08 0.84

Treatment effects by Saturation Level: Economic outcome indices

Outcome	df	Control (SD)	T.50 Coef (SE) Cluster robust p-value	T.75 Coef (SE) Cluster robust p-value
Economic Composite Index	2474	-0.03 ( 0.95 )	0.1 0.12 0.387	0.1 0.12 0.406
Food Security Index	2473	-0.03 ( 0.97 )	0.12 0.11 0.274	0.09 0.11 0.427
Food security (hh)	2473	6.86 ( 1.52 )	0.11 0.14 0.446	0.06 0.13 0.63
Dietary diversity	2473	8.48 ( 8.13 )	1.13 0.94 0.232	0.9 1 0.37
Business Omnibus Index	2474	-0.02 ( 0.96 )	0.04 0.1 0.657	0.07 0.1 0.479
Business Engagement Index	2474	-0.02 ( 0.95 )	0.05 0.09 0.606	0.08 0.1 0.423
Has a business	2474	0.83 ( 0.38 )	0.01 0.03 0.798	0 0.03 0.866
No. businesses	2474	1.19 ( 0.96 )	0.05 0.09 0.578	0.12 0.1 0.248
No. businesses past year	2474	0.44 ( 0.79 )	0.06 0.05 0.225	0.13 0.06 0.039
Business investments (yearly, USD)	2474	100.53 ( 178.05 )	21.65 20.15 0.283	18.51 19.66 0.347
Business asset value (USD)	2474	15.9 ( 23.15 )	-0.88 1.75 0.618	-0.59 1.69 0.727
No. days worked	2474	16.05 ( 18.36 )	1.24 1.89 0.511	2.21 1.76 0.209
Growth intentions	2474	1.05 ( 0.81 )	0.01 0.07 0.886	0.03 0.07 0.653
Practices	2457	0.02 ( 1.01 )	-0.01 0.08 0.92	-0.01 0.07 0.887
Business Performance Index	2474	-0.01 ( 0.95 )	0.02 0.1 0.856	0.04 0.1 0.721
Business profits (monthly, USD)	2474	34.77 ( 47.69 )	1.36 4.8 0.777	2.04 4.88 0.676
Business revenues (monthly, USD)	2474	117.32 ( 156.89 )	1.31 16.16 0.935	4.5 15.67 0.774

Graphs

Mediation

Note: A paths are treatment effects taken from Table 2 and Table S4.

Table S7

Table S7: Personal Initiative vs Control

library(mediation)
set.seed(123)

## For T.ind V Control
d.med.ti <- de %>% 
  filter(condition!="T.rel") %>% 
  dplyr::select(condition, ben_econ_omni_std, typepaquet_c, timing_c, isbaseline_c, psychosocial_omni_std, psych_omni_std, social_omni_std, ment_hlth_std, gse_std, mobility_std, hh_dyn_std) %>% 
    drop_na()
d.med.ti$condition <- droplevels(d.med.ti$condition)
d.med.ti$condition <- if_else(d.med.ti$condition=="T.ind", 1,0)

## Psychosocial omni
m <- lm(psychosocial_omni_std ~ condition + typepaquet_c + timing_c + isbaseline_c, d.med.ti)
y <- lm(ben_econ_omni_std ~ condition + psychosocial_omni_std + typepaquet_c + timing_c + isbaseline_c, d.med.ti)
m.out1 <- mediate(m, y, treat = "condition", mediator = "psychosocial_omni_std")
# summary(m.out1) 
indirect1.b <- round(summary(m.out1)$d1, digits=2)
indirect1.ci1 <- round(summary(m.out1)$d1.ci[1], digits=2)
indirect1.ci2 <- round(summary(m.out1)$d1.ci[2], digits=2)
indirect1.p <- summary(m.out1)$d1.p

## Psych omni
m <- lm(psych_omni_std ~ condition + typepaquet_c + timing_c + isbaseline_c, d.med.ti)
y <- lm(ben_econ_omni_std ~ condition + psych_omni_std + typepaquet_c + timing_c + isbaseline_c, d.med.ti)
m.out2 <- mediate(m, y, treat = "condition", mediator = "psych_omni_std")
# summary(m.out2) 
indirect2.b <- round(summary(m.out2)$d1, digits=2)
indirect2.ci1 <- round(summary(m.out2)$d1.ci[1], digits=2)
indirect2.ci2 <- round(summary(m.out2)$d1.ci[2], digits=2)
indirect2.p <- summary(m.out2)$d1.p

## Social omni 
m <- lm(social_omni_std ~ condition + typepaquet_c + timing_c + isbaseline_c, d.med.ti)
y <- lm(ben_econ_omni_std ~ condition + social_omni_std + typepaquet_c + timing_c + isbaseline_c, d.med.ti)
m.out3 <- mediate(m, y, treat = "condition", mediator = "social_omni_std")
# summary(m.out3) 
indirect3.b <- round(summary(m.out3)$d1, digits=2)
indirect3.ci1 <- round(summary(m.out3)$d1.ci[1], digits=2)
indirect3.ci2 <- round(summary(m.out3)$d1.ci[2], digits=2)
indirect3.p <- summary(m.out3)$d1.p

## Anticipated mobility 
m <- lm(mobility_std ~ condition + typepaquet_c + timing_c + isbaseline_c, d.med.ti)
y <- lm(ben_econ_omni_std ~ condition + mobility_std + typepaquet_c + timing_c + isbaseline_c, d.med.ti)
m.out4 <- mediate(m, y, treat = "condition", mediator = "mobility_std")
# summary(m.out4) 
indirect4.b <- round(summary(m.out4)$d1, digits=2)
indirect4.ci1 <- round(summary(m.out4)$d1.ci[1], digits=2)
indirect4.ci2 <- round(summary(m.out4)$d1.ci[2], digits=2)
indirect4.p <- summary(m.out4)$d1.p

## Well-being 
m <- lm(ment_hlth_std ~ condition + typepaquet_c + timing_c + isbaseline_c, d.med.ti)
y <- lm(ben_econ_omni_std ~ condition + ment_hlth_std + typepaquet_c + timing_c + isbaseline_c, d.med.ti)
m.out5 <- mediate(m, y, treat = "condition", mediator = "ment_hlth_std")
# summary(m.out5) 
indirect5.b <- round(summary(m.out5)$d1, digits=2)
indirect5.ci1 <- round(summary(m.out5)$d1.ci[1], digits=2)
indirect5.ci2 <- round(summary(m.out5)$d1.ci[2], digits=2)
indirect5.p <- summary(m.out5)$d1.p

## Self-efficacy 
m <- lm(gse_std ~ condition + typepaquet_c + timing_c + isbaseline_c, d.med.ti)
y <- lm(ben_econ_omni_std ~ condition + gse_std + typepaquet_c + timing_c + isbaseline_c, d.med.ti)
m.out6 <- mediate(m, y, treat = "condition", mediator = "gse_std")
# summary(m.out6) 
indirect6.b <- round(summary(m.out6)$d1, digits=2)
indirect6.ci1 <- round(summary(m.out6)$d1.ci[1], digits=2)
indirect6.ci2 <- round(summary(m.out6)$d1.ci[2], digits=2)
indirect6.p <- summary(m.out6)$d1.p

## Household dynamics 
m <- lm(hh_dyn_std ~ condition + typepaquet_c + timing_c + isbaseline_c, d.med.ti) 
y <- lm(ben_econ_omni_std ~ condition + hh_dyn_std + typepaquet_c + timing_c + isbaseline_c, d.med.ti)
m.out7 <- mediate(m, y, treat = "condition", mediator = "hh_dyn_std")
# summary(m.out7) 
indirect7.b <- round(summary(m.out7)$d1, digits=2)
indirect7.ci1 <- round(summary(m.out7)$d1.ci[1], digits=2)
indirect7.ci2 <- round(summary(m.out7)$d1.ci[2], digits=2)
indirect7.p <- summary(m.out7)$d1.p

Mediation: B path and Indirect Effect for Personal Initiative vs Control

x

Mediator Bpath Bpath_SE Bpath_pval Indirect Effect Indirect Effect_ci.lo Indirect Effect_ci.hi Indirect Effect_pval Psychosocial Composite Index 0.4 ( 0.02 ) 0.000*** 0.04 0.00 0.07 0.048* Psychological Composite Index 0.4 ( 0.02 ) 0.000*** 0.05 0.01 0.09 0.004** Social Composite Index 0.32 ( 0.02 ) 0.000*** 0.01 -0.01 0.04 0.358 Future Expectations 0.32 ( 0.02 ) 0.000*** 0.04 0.01 0.07 0.022* Well-Being 0.24 ( 0.02 ) 0.000*** 0.02 0.00 0.04 0.074† Self-Efficacy 0.23 ( 0.02 ) 0.000*** 0.02 0.00 0.04 0.054† Household Dynamics 0.19 ( 0.02 ) 0.000*** 0.00 -0.01 0.02 0.592

Table S7: Interpersonal Initiative vs Control

library(mediation)
set.seed(123)

## For T.rel V Control
d.med.tr <- de %>% 
  filter(condition!="T.ind") %>% 
  dplyr::select(condition, ben_econ_omni_std, typepaquet_c, timing_c, isbaseline_c, psychosocial_omni_std, psych_omni_std, social_omni_std, ment_hlth_std, gse_std, mobility_std, hh_dyn_std) %>% 
    drop_na()
d.med.tr$condition <- droplevels(d.med.tr$condition)
d.med.tr$condition <- if_else(d.med.tr$condition=="T.rel", 1,0)

## Psychosocial omni
m <- lm(psychosocial_omni_std ~ condition + typepaquet_c + timing_c + isbaseline_c, d.med.tr)
y <- lm(ben_econ_omni_std ~ condition + psychosocial_omni_std + typepaquet_c + timing_c + isbaseline_c, d.med.tr)
m.out1 <- mediate(m, y, treat = "condition", mediator = "psychosocial_omni_std")
# summary(m.out1) 
indirect1.b <- round(summary(m.out1)$d1, digits=2)
indirect1.ci1 <- round(summary(m.out1)$d1.ci[1], digits=2)
indirect1.ci2 <- round(summary(m.out1)$d1.ci[2], digits=2)
indirect1.p <- summary(m.out1)$d1.p

## Psych omni
m <- lm(psych_omni_std ~ condition + typepaquet_c + timing_c + isbaseline_c, d.med.tr)
y <- lm(ben_econ_omni_std ~ condition + psych_omni_std + typepaquet_c + timing_c + isbaseline_c, d.med.tr)
m.out2 <- mediate(m, y, treat = "condition", mediator = "psych_omni_std")
# summary(m.out2) 
indirect2.b <- round(summary(m.out2)$d1, digits=2)
indirect2.ci1 <- round(summary(m.out2)$d1.ci[1], digits=2)
indirect2.ci2 <- round(summary(m.out2)$d1.ci[2], digits=2)
indirect2.p <- summary(m.out2)$d1.p

## Social omni 
m <- lm(social_omni_std ~ condition + typepaquet_c + timing_c + isbaseline_c, d.med.tr)
y <- lm(ben_econ_omni_std ~ condition + social_omni_std + typepaquet_c + timing_c + isbaseline_c, d.med.tr)
m.out3 <- mediate(m, y, treat = "condition", mediator = "social_omni_std")
# summary(m.out3) 
indirect3.b <- round(summary(m.out3)$d1, digits=2)
indirect3.ci1 <- round(summary(m.out3)$d1.ci[1], digits=2)
indirect3.ci2 <- round(summary(m.out3)$d1.ci[2], digits=2)
indirect3.p <- summary(m.out3)$d1.p

## Anticipated mobility 
m <- lm(mobility_std ~ condition + typepaquet_c + timing_c + isbaseline_c, d.med.tr)
y <- lm(ben_econ_omni_std ~ condition + mobility_std + typepaquet_c + timing_c + isbaseline_c, d.med.tr)
m.out4 <- mediate(m, y, treat = "condition", mediator = "mobility_std")
# summary(m.out4) 
indirect4.b <- round(summary(m.out4)$d1, digits=2)
indirect4.ci1 <- round(summary(m.out4)$d1.ci[1], digits=2)
indirect4.ci2 <- round(summary(m.out4)$d1.ci[2], digits=2)
indirect4.p <- summary(m.out4)$d1.p

## Well-being 
m <- lm(ment_hlth_std ~ condition + typepaquet_c + timing_c + isbaseline_c, d.med.tr)
y <- lm(ben_econ_omni_std ~ condition + ment_hlth_std + typepaquet_c + timing_c + isbaseline_c, d.med.tr)
m.out5 <- mediate(m, y, treat = "condition", mediator = "ment_hlth_std")
# summary(m.out5) 
indirect5.b <- round(summary(m.out5)$d1, digits=2)
indirect5.ci1 <- round(summary(m.out5)$d1.ci[1], digits=2)
indirect5.ci2 <- round(summary(m.out5)$d1.ci[2], digits=2)
indirect5.p <- summary(m.out5)$d1.p

## Self-efficacy 
m <- lm(gse_std ~ condition + typepaquet_c + timing_c + isbaseline_c, d.med.tr)
y <- lm(ben_econ_omni_std ~ condition + gse_std + typepaquet_c + timing_c + isbaseline_c, d.med.tr)
m.out6 <- mediate(m, y, treat = "condition", mediator = "gse_std")
# summary(m.out6) 
indirect6.b <- round(summary(m.out6)$d1, digits=2)
indirect6.ci1 <- round(summary(m.out6)$d1.ci[1], digits=2)
indirect6.ci2 <- round(summary(m.out6)$d1.ci[2], digits=2)
indirect6.p <- summary(m.out6)$d1.p

## Household dynamics 
m <- lm(hh_dyn_std ~ condition + typepaquet_c + timing_c + isbaseline_c, d.med.tr) 
y <- lm(ben_econ_omni_std ~ condition + hh_dyn_std + typepaquet_c + timing_c + isbaseline_c, d.med.tr)
m.out7 <- mediate(m, y, treat = "condition", mediator = "hh_dyn_std")
# summary(m.out7) 
indirect7.b <- round(summary(m.out7)$d1, digits=2)
indirect7.ci1 <- round(summary(m.out7)$d1.ci[1], digits=2)
indirect7.ci2 <- round(summary(m.out7)$d1.ci[2], digits=2)
indirect7.p <- summary(m.out7)$d1.p

Mediation: B path and Indirect Effect for Interpersonal Initiative vs Control

x

Mediator Bpath Bpath_SE Bpath_pval Indirect Effect Indirect Effect_ci.lo Indirect Effect_ci.hi Indirect Effect_pval Psychosocial Composite Index 0.4 ( 0.02 ) 0.000*** 0.05 0.01 0.08 0.008** Psychological Composite Index 0.4 ( 0.02 ) 0.000*** 0.04 0.01 0.07 0.012* Social Composite Index 0.32 ( 0.02 ) 0.000*** 0.03 0.00 0.06 0.044* Future Expectations 0.32 ( 0.02 ) 0.000*** 0.04 0.01 0.07 0.000*** Well-Being 0.24 ( 0.02 ) 0.000*** 0.02 0.00 0.03 0.090† Self-Efficacy 0.23 ( 0.02 ) 0.000*** 0.01 -0.01 0.03 0.572 Household Dynamics 0.19 ( 0.02 ) 0.000*** 0.02 0.00 0.04 0.024*