{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reyes Retana","abbr":"MRR","affiliation":"World Bank","role":"Junior Data Scientist"}],"prod_date":"2024-01-17","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"authoring_entity":[{"name":"Beenish Amjad","email":"bamjad@worldbank.org","affiliation":"World Bank"},{"name":"Haydeeliz Carrasco","email":"hcarrasconunez@worldbank.org","affiliation":"World Bank"},{"name":"Arden Finn","email":"afinn1@worldbank.org","affiliation":"World Bank"},{"name":"Maya Goldman","email":"mgoldman@worldbank.org","affiliation":"World Bank"}],"output":[{"title":"Fiscal Policy, Poverty, and Inequality in a Constrained Environment: The Case of the West Bank and Gaza","type":"Working Paper","authors":"Beenish Amjad, Haydeeliz Carrasco, Arden Finn, Maya Goldman","description":"Policy Research Working Paper (PRWP) 10687","doi":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1596\/1813-9450-10687","uri":"http:\/\/documents.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/099646401302432923\/IDU11fba1aab1fb111482e1a1441122a743dfde3"}],"title_statement":{"idno":"RR_PSE_2024_20-v04","title":"Reproducibility package for Fiscal Policy, Poverty, and Inequality in a Constrained Environment: The Case of the West Bank and Gaza","identifiers":[{"type":"DOI","identifier":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.60572\/t8ey-bb58"}]},"datasets":[{"name":"Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, Palestinian Expenditure and Consumption Survey (PECS)","note":"Located at: Stata\/rawdata\/PSE\/","uri":"https:\/\/microdatalib.worldbank.org\/index.php\/catalog\/10300\/","access_type":"Not included in the package. This dataset is classified as Official Use Only under the Access to Information Classification Policy. Access to data is limited to Staff only. It can be requested at the following link. The user should download all available files and save them into the folder Stata\/rawdata\/PSE\/ of the reproducibility package. "},{"name":"Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS)","access_type":"This data is confidential and not publicly available. ","note":"Located at: rawdata\/Property Evaluations 2017.xls, Property tax collections 2017.xls, prices.xlsx, Number of Property Tax payers 2017.xlsx\n\nData about taxes and prices was used in this study. This data is confidential and not publicly available and was provided to the World Bank team as part of ongoing collaborations with the PCBS. Contact Arden Finn (afinn1@worldbank.org) for more information."},{"name":"National Statistical Office (NSO) West Bank data","note":"Located at: Stata\/rawdata\/io\n\nThis folder contains two files: Petroleum Augmented IO_WB.xlsx and Augmented IO_West Bank_V3.xlsx. Contains confidential information regarding augmented Input-Output tables shared by the NSO which is not in the public domain. Contact Arden Finn (afinn1@worldbank.org) for more information.\n","access_type":"This data is confidential and not publicly available. "},{"name":"Israel Tax Authority - Custom Duty Rates","access_type":"Published with the package.","note":"Located at: Stata\/rawdata\/Custom duty rates_for STATA.xlsx\n\nCustoms information was mapped and summarized in a dataset by the World Bank team using the information on the following link.","uri":"https:\/\/shaarolami-query.customs.mof.gov.il\/CustomspilotWeb\/en\/CustomsBook\/Import\/CustomsTaarifEntry"},{"name":"World Bank VAT rates data","note":"Located at: Stata\/rawdata\/VAT rates_for STATA.xlsx\n\nInformation about VAT rates was mapped and summarized in a dataset by the World Bank team.","access_type":"Published with the package"},{"name":"Palestinian Cities data","access_type":"Published with the package","note":"Located at: Stata\/rawdata\/20220128_Municipal_Codes.xls\n\nThis is a data frame with Information about Palestinian cities produced by the authors."}],"scripts":[{"file_name":"RR_PSE_2024_20-v04.zip","zip_package":"RR_PSE_2024_20-v04.zip","title":"Reproducibility package (partial data and code) for Fiscal Policy, Poverty, and Inequality in a Constrained Environment: The Case of the West Bank and Gaza","date":"2024-01","description":"The code in this folder generates the tables and figures in the paper Fiscal Policy, Poverty, and Inequality in a Constrained Environment: The Case of the West Bank and Gaza by Beenish Amjad, Haydeeliz Carrasco, Arden Finn, and Maya Goldman","dependencies":" All dependencies are stored in the ado folder. ","instructions":"See README in reproducibility package.","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DIME) Analytics team, World Bank."}],"acknowledgment_statement":"This report was written under the overall guidance of Johannes Hoogeveen and Alan Fuchs. We are grateful to Alia Jane Aghajanian, Eduardo Malasquez, Gianluca Mele and Nur Nasser Eddin for their contributions, and to Jessica Marie Anderson, Hamza Mighri, Sami Miaari, Haytham Abushaham and Ntuthuko Hlela for their support with data collection and research assistance. We are also thankful to the many World Bank colleagues and staff at the Palestinian Ministry of Finance and the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics who generously provided the information and data needed to finalize this work. Jon Jellema, Gabriela Inchauste and Matthew Wai-Poi provided insightful peer review comments that have greatly improved this report.","production_date":"2024-01","abstract":"This report analyzes the distributional impacts of the main taxes and transfers on households\u2019 welfare in the West Bank and Gaza. The analysis uses the Commitment to Equity methodology, enabling us to compare results to other countries where this framework has been applied. Specifically, the report assesses the effects of government taxation, social expenditure, and indirect subsidies on poverty and inequality in the West Bank and Gaza. Results indicate that the combination of taxes and transfers modelled in the West Bank and Gaza reduces inequality by 6.5 Gini points but increases the national poverty headcount by 8.4 percentage points. These fiscal policy outcomes on poverty and inequality reduction are below average in terms of desirability compared to other lower middle-income countries.\nThe taxes and transfers modelled in the West Bank and Gaza achieve the most inequality reduction through in-kind benefits from public basic education and public hospitals, followed by the Cash Transfer Program and the Value-Added Tax (VAT). Their large impact on inequality reduction is explained by a combination of their progressivity and their size relative to household income. The redistributive effect of direct taxes, customs, and indirect subsidies is zero or close to zero. Indirect taxes represent the fiscal interventions contributing most to the increase in national poverty; custom duties followed by the VAT represent the largest burden on households\u2019 incomes. Direct transfers from social protection cannot offset the impoverishment effect from indirect taxes because they have very limited coverage in the West Bank and Gaza. Only the poorest decile is a net cash beneficiary after paying taxes and receiving cashable transfers. The rest of the deciles are net payers to the fiscal system. To decrease poverty and inequality in the West Bank and Gaza, the most significant policy recommendation to emerge from the analysis is to expand direct transfers to deciles 2 and 3 to compensate for indirect tax burdens. Financing this reform is feasible through domestic tax mobilization or through rationalization of inefficient fuel and electricity subsidies that benefit the top-income deciles most.","geographic_units":[{"name":"Palestine","code":"PSE","type":"Country"}],"language":[{"name":"English","code":"EN"}],"data_statement":"Please note that some of the datasets used in this study are not available for public release. This includes datasets related to property taxes, evaluations, number of taxpayers, as well as Input-Output tables. These datasets are subject to access agreements with the National Statistical Office (NSO) and are not included in the public data package. Moreover, certain publicly accessible files have redistribution restrictions and hence cannot be included in this package. Detailed information about these restrictions can be found in the aforementioned entries.\n\nResearchers who wish to replicate this study or need access to these datasets for verification purposes should contact the corresponding author at afinn1@worldbank.org for further guidance and assistance.","repository_uri":[{"name":"Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank)","uri":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org"}],"technology_environment":"Paper exhibits were attempted to be reproduced in a computer with the following specifications:\n\u2022 OS: Windows 10 Enterprise, version 21H2\n\u2022 Processor: Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E7-4890 v2 @ 2.80GHz 2.80 GHz\n\u2022 Memory available: 5.9 GB\n\u2022 Software version: Stata 17","technology_requirements":"~20 minutes runtime","reproduction_instructions":"To run the script, new users only need to change the directory of the 00_PSE_master file","disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","license":[{"name":"Modified BSD3","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/bsd-3-clause\/"}],"contacts":[{"name":"Arden Finn","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"afinn1@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org"}],"software":[{"name":"Stata","version":"17"}]},"tags":[{"tag":"DOI"}],"schematype":"script"}