{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reyes Retana","abbr":"MRR","affiliation":"World Bank","role":"Junior Data Scientist"}],"prod_date":"2024-01-22","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"authoring_entity":[{"name":"Federico Fiuratti","email":"ffiuratti@worldbank.org","affiliation":"World Bank"},{"affiliation":"World Bank","name":"Steven Pennings","email":"spennings@worldbank.org"},{"affiliation":"World Bank","name":"Jesica Torres","email":"jtorrescoronado@worldbank.org"}],"output":[{"title":"How Large Are the Economic Dividends from Closing Gender Employment Gaps in the Middle East and North Africa?","type":"Working Paper","description":"Policy Research Working Paper (PRWP) 10706","authors":"Federico Fiuratti, Steven Pennings, Jesica Torres","uri":"http:\/\/documents.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/099530002202434373\/IDU1ab7478451463c145e41b0f412fced4be7ecd","doi":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1596\/1813-9450-10706"}],"datasets":[{"name":"Gender Employment Gap Index","note":"Located at: RawData\/ReplicationGEGI-Feb2022.xlsx\nContains Gender Employment Gap Index (GEGI) country data from Pennings (2022). The following link downloads the same file present in the reproducibility package. ","uri":"https:\/\/thedocs.worldbank.org\/en\/doc\/60234feb700533d51a542ef6253a1680-0050062022\/original\/ReplicationGEGI-Feb2022.xlsx","access_type":"Published with package. "},{"name":"Labour Force Statistics ","note":"Located at: RawData\/WorkingAgePop_SEX_AGE_EDU_NB_A-2023-05-15.csv and RawData\/Employment_SEX_AGE_EDU_NB_A-2023-05-15.csv\nContains the Working-age population in each skill group and the number of employed workers in each skill group from ILO available at the following links.","uri":"https:\/\/www.ilo.org\/ilostat-files\/WEB_bulk_download\/indicator\/POP_XWAP_SEX_AGE_EDU_NB_A.csv.gz and https:\/\/www.ilo.org\/ilostat-files\/WEB_bulk_download\/indicator\/EMP_TEMP_SEX_AGE_EDU_NB_A.csv.gz","access_type":"Published with package. "},{"name":"Barro-Lee Educational Attainment Dataset","note":"Located at: RawData\/BL_v3_F, BL_v3_M, BL_v3_MF\nData contains historical educational data by cohort for Female, Male, and Male and Female, respectively, from Barro-Lee Educational Attainment Data.\nSource: Barro, Robert and Jong-Wha Lee, 2013, \u201cA New Data Set of Educational Attainment in the World, 1950-2010.\u201d Journal of Development Economics, vol 104, pp.184-198.","uri":"https:\/\/barrolee.github.io\/BarroLeeDataSet\/BLData\/BL_v3_F.dta, https:\/\/barrolee.github.io\/BarroLeeDataSet\/BLData\/BL_v3_M.dta, https:\/\/barrolee.github.io\/BarroLeeDataSet\/BLData\/BL_v3_MF.dta","access_type":"Published with package. "},{"name":"World Development Indicators","uri":"https:\/\/datatopics.worldbank.org\/world-development-indicators\/wdi-archives.html","note":"Located at: RawData\/WDI_ready.dta\nGross fixed capital formation (% of GDP). Indicator code: NE.GDI.FTOT.ZS\nUser must download the May 2023 version. ","access_type":"Published with package. "},{"name":"Country regions","access_type":"Published with package. ","note":"Located at: RawData\/list_regions.dta\nThis data file, created by the authors, contains information from the World Bank regional and other classifications for each country. ","uri":"https:\/\/datacatalogfiles.worldbank.org\/ddh-published\/0037712\/DR0090755\/CLASS.xlsx"}],"software":[{"name":"Stata","version":"17"}],"scripts":[{"title":"Reproducibility package (data and code) How Large Are the Economic Dividends from Closing Gender Employment Gaps in the Middle East and North Africa?","description":"The code in this folder generates the tables and figures in the paper \" How Large Are the Economic Dividends from Closing Gender Employment Gaps in the Middle East and North Africa?\" by  Federico Fiuratti, Steven Pennings and Jesica Torres","file_name":"RR_MNA_2024_75-v01.zip","zip_package":"RR_MNA_2024_75-v01.zip","date":"2024-01","dependencies":"All dependencies are stored in the ado folder. ","instructions":"See README in the reproducibility package.","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DIME) Analytics team, World Bank."}],"title_statement":{"idno":"RR_MNA_2024_75-v01","title":"Reproducibility package for How Large Are the Economic Dividends from Closing Gender Employment Gaps in the Middle East and North Africa?","identifiers":[{"type":"DOI","identifier":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.60572\/yc5z-8v87"}]},"acknowledgment_statement":"For helpful suggestions and discussions, we thank Roberta Gatti, Daniel Lederman, Ihsan Ajwad, and Raymond Robertson. All errors are our own. The views expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, its Executive Directors, or the countries they represent.","production_date":"2024-01","abstract":"This paper quantifies the gains in gross domestic product per capita from closing gender employment gaps in the Middle East and North Africa, using three neoclassical growth models. The paper starts with baseline impacts from the Gender Employment Gap Index, which suggests that in the long run, gross domestic product per capita would be around 50 percent higher in the typical economy in the region if gender employment gaps were closed (mean 54 percent, median 49 percent). However, the gains are heterogeneous, ranging from less than 10 percent in Qatar to more than 80 percent in the Republic of Yemen. The paper then explores short-term gains, when capital is fixed (or adjusts slowly), and gains in the medium-term, with sluggish implementation of reforms using the Long Term Growth Model, which roughly halves the gains (and lowers the gains by more than half in resource-rich countries). Finally, the paper incorporates the effects of changes in the skill distribution in a model incorporating capital-skill complementarities in production. Because gender employment gaps in the Middle East and North Africa tend to be larger among the unskilled, closing these gaps reduces average skill levels, moderating long-term gains by 5-10 percentage points. However, if women in the Middle East and North Africa continue the current trend toward greater educational attainment, the gains will be greater than in the baseline. All three models\u2014the Gender Employment Gap Index, the Long Term Growth Model, and capital-skill complementarities\u2014point to large increases in gross domestic product per capita from closing gender employment gaps.","geographic_units":[{"name":"Middle East and North Africa","code":"MNA","type":"Region"}],"keywords":[{"name":"Middle East and North Africa"},{"name":"gender gaps"},{"name":"labor force participation"},{"name":"capital-skill complementarities"},{"name":"World Bank Long Term Growth Model"}],"language":[{"name":"English","code":"EN"}],"repository_uri":[{"name":"Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank)","uri":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org"}],"technology_environment":"The code was reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:\n\u2013 OS: Windows 11 Enterprise\n\u2013 Processor: Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-1145G7 CPU @ 2.60GHz\n\u2013 Memory available: 11.7 GB\n\u2013 Software version: Stata version 18","technology_requirements":"~20-minutes runtime","reproduction_instructions":"To run the script, new users only need to change the directory of the Main do file (MasterDoFileFigures) and run the code.","disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","license":[{"name":"Modified BSD3","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/bsd-3-clause\/"}],"contacts":[{"name":"Steven Pennings","email":"spennings@worldbank.org","affiliation":"World Bank"},{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org","affiliation":"World Bank"}],"data_statement":"All datasets utilized in this research are publicly accessible and have been included in this reproducibility package.","reproducibility_status":{"type":"Data: All data sources are publicly available and included in the package; Code: All code files (from cleaning to analysis) are included in the package; Outputs: All outputs are generated by code included in the reproducibility package"}},"tags":[{"tag":"DOI"},{"tag":"Open code"},{"tag":"Open data"}],"schematype":"script"}