{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reyes Retana","abbr":"MRR","affiliation":"World Bank","role":"Junior Data Scientist"}],"prod_date":"2024-02-08","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"authoring_entity":[{"name":"Hoda Assem","email":"hassem10@worldbank.org","affiliation":"World Bank"},{"email":"rgatti@worldbank.org","name":"Roberta Gatti","affiliation":"World Bank"},{"affiliation":"World Bank","email":"dlederman@worldbank.org","name":" Daniel Lederman"}],"output":[{"type":"Working Paper","description":"Policy Research Working Paper (PRWP) WPS10709","title":"Stages of Diversification Redux","authors":"Hoda Assem, Roberta Gatti and Daniel Lederman","uri":"http:\/\/documents.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/099550102222412535","doi":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1596\/1813-9450-10709"}],"software":[{"name":"Stata","version":"17"}],"scripts":[{"title":"Reproducibility package (data and code) for Stages of Diversification Redux","date":"2024-02","description":"The code in this folder generates the tables and figures in the paper \"Stages of Diversification Redux by Hoda Assem, Roberta Gatti and Daniel Lederman","dependencies":"All dependencies are stored in the ado folder. ","instructions":"See README in reproducibility package.","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DIME) Analytics team, World Bank."}],"title_statement":{"idno":"RR_WLD_2024_80-v01","title":"Reproducibility package for Stages of Diversification Redux"},"reproducibility_status":{"type":"Data: All data sources are publicly available and included in the package; Code: All code files (from cleaning to analysis) are included in the package; Outputs: All outputs are generated by code included in the reproducibility package"},"acknowledgment_statement":" We are grateful to Jean Imbs, Anne-Celia Disdier, and participants to the 2023 annual International Association of Energy Economics conference for useful comments. All errors are our own.\n","production_date":"2024-02","abstract":"The existing literature on development and economic diversification finds an inverted-U function between these two variables, whereby economies diversify as they grow up to a point, after which they start specializing. This paper contributes to this literature by investigating the stages of diversification over the course of development during the past 57 years. The paper emphasizes the trajectories of resource-rich and resource-poor countries, an issue that has not been covered by the extant literature. In addition, the paper studies the stages of diversification across three dimensions, namely employment, value-added, and exports. Additionally, it examines the relationship for services. Non-parametric estimations suggest a U-shaped curve between measures of economic concentration and per capita income levels, which is in line with existing evidence. However, these patterns are mainly driven by between-country rather than within-country variation, a finding that had been ignored in the existing literature. Diversification patterns also differ across resource-rich and resource-poor countries: Employment and value added in resource-rich countries are on average more concentrated at low levels of development while in resource poor countries, they are more concentrated at high levels of development. In contrast, at all levels of development, exports are more concentrated in resource-rich countries.","geographic_units":[{"name":"World","code":"WLD","type":"Region"}],"topics":[{"id":"F1","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","uri":" https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","parent_id":"F","name":"Trade"},{"id":"F43","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","uri":" https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","parent_id":"F4","name":"Economic Growth of Open Economies"},{"id":"O11","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","uri":" https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","parent_id":"O1","name":"Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development"},{"id":"O40","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","uri":" https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","parent_id":"O4","name":"General"}],"language":[{"name":"English","code":"EN"}],"repository_uri":[{"name":"Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank)","uri":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org"}],"reproduction_instructions":"To run the script, new users only need to change the directory of the Main do file and run the code.","technology_requirements":"~20-minutes runtime","technology_environment":"The code was reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:\n\u2013 OS: Windows 11 Enterprise\n\u2013 Processor: Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-1145G7 CPU @ 2.60GHz\n\u2013 Memory available: 11.7 GB\n\u2013 Software version: Stata version 17","contacts":[{"name":"Hoda Assem","email":"hassem10@worldbank.org","affiliation":"World Bank"},{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org"}],"disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","license":[{"name":"Modified BSD3","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/bsd-3-clause\/"}],"datasets":[{"name":"United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) INDSTAT","note":"Located at: \"data\/unido\/\". Industrial statistics data at a 2-digit, 3-digit, and 4-digit classification level, sourced from the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO). \nSource: UNIDO. Available at https:\/\/stat.unido.org. accessed on 12\/2021.","access_type":"Published with package","uri":"https:\/\/stat.unido.org\/database\/INDSTAT%202%202023, https:\/\/stat.unido.org\/database\/INDSTAT%204%202023,%20ISIC%20Revision%203"},{"name":"WTO-OECD Balanced Trade in Services Dataset","note":"Located at: \"data\/services\". Services Sector Data (BPM5 and BBM6 datasets). Contains service sector-related data, specifically BPM5 and BBM6 datasets, obtained from the WTO portal.\nSource: ","uri":"https:\/\/www.wto.org\/english\/res_e\/statis_e\/trade_datasets_e.htm","access_type":"Published with package"},{"name":"World Development Indicators","access_type":"Published with package\n","note":"Located at: \"data\/resources\" and \"data\/gdp\" Indicators consulted TX.VAL.FUEL.ZS.UN, TM.VAL.FUEL.ZS.UN, TX.VAL.MMTL.ZS.UN, TM.VAL.MMTL.ZS.UN, SP.POP.TOTL, SP.POP.1564 (TO and TO.ZS) and NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.KD","uri":"https:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/source\/world-development-indicators"},{"name":"Penn World Table version 10.0","note":"Located at: \"data\/gdp\" PWT version 10.0 is a database with information on relative levels of income, output, input and productivity, covering 183 countries between 1950 and 2019.","access_type":"Published with package","uri":"https:\/\/www.rug.nl\/ggdc\/productivity\/pwt\/pwt-releases\/pwt100"},{"name":"UN Comtrade Database","note":"Located at: \"data\/comtrade\". For those interested in accessing the data directly, it can be downloaded from the provided link. To facilitate a deeper understanding and utilization of the dataset, a comprehensive list of the variables included is detailed in the README file accompanying the reproducibility package.","uri":"https:\/\/comtradeplus.un.org\/","access_type":"The data is publicly accessible but requires user registration for access. The original source prohibits the republication of this data. Consequently, it is not included in the downloadable package."}],"data_statement":"All data sources utilized in this paper are publicly available and have been detailed in the sections above. It's important to note that while the dataset from the UN Comtrade database is publicly accessible, it does not permit republication. Therefore, this specific dataset is not included in the downloadable package. However, details regarding its download and the variables used for analysis are included in the README file accompanying this package. "},"tags":[{"tag":"DOI"},{"tag":"Open code"},{"tag":"Open data"}],"schematype":"script"}