{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","abbr":"DIME","affiliation":"World Bank - Development Impact Department","role":"Verification and preparation of metadata"}],"prod_date":"2024-04-10","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"datasets":[{"name":"World Bank Enterprise Survey (WBES) - Zambia","uri":"https:\/\/microdata.worldbank.org\/index.php\/catalog\/3763","note":"The World Bank. Zambia - Enterprise Survey (ES) 2019.\nLocated at: Data\/Zambia-2019-full data.dta.\nData should be downloaded from the following link and then placed in the Data folder with the same naming convention. ","access_type":"The dataset is public but not included in the package. Data can be downloaded in the data URL."},{"name":"World Bank Micro Enterprise Survey (WBMES) - Zambia","uri":"https:\/\/microdata.worldbank.org\/index.php\/catalog\/3746","access_type":"The dataset is public but not included in the package. Data can be downloaded in the data URL.","note":"The World Bank. Zambia - Micro-Enterprise Survey (MES) 2019.\nLocated at: Data\/ZambiaMicro-2019-full data-long form.dta\nData should be downloaded from the following link and then placed in the Data folder with the same naming convention. "},{"name":"World Bank Informal Sector Enterprise Survey (WBISES) - Zambia","access_type":"The dataset is public but not included in the package. Data can be downloaded in the data URL.","note":"The World Bank. Zambia - Informal Sector Enterprise Survey (ISES) 2019.\nLocated at: Data\/ZambiaInformal and Micro-2019-full.dta\nData should be downloaded from the following link and then placed in the Data folder with the same naming convention. ","uri":"https:\/\/login.enterprisesurveys.org\/content\/sites\/financeandprivatesector\/en\/library\/library-detail.html\/content\/dam\/wbgassetshare\/enterprisesurveys\/economy\/zambia\/ZambiaInformal-2019-full-data-long-form.dta"},{"name":"Nighttime Lights ","uri":"https:\/\/www.arcgis.com\/home\/item.html?id=edabcbb5407547f5bc883018eb6e7986","note":"Source: Esri, Earth Observation Group - Colorado School of Mines Payne Institute for Public Policy, NOAA, NASA.\nThis dataset was downloaded and the authors manually added Firms GPS coordinates. ","access_type":"Published with the package"},{"name":"Productivity Density and Distance Data","note":"Source: World Bank Enterprise Survey.\nThese data files were manually created by the authors using restricted GPS coordinates from the Enterprise Survey, therefore the initial data is not shared. However, the resulting data files are included in the package. To request access to the GPS coordinates data please get in touch with enterprisesurveys@worldbank.org.\nLocated at: Data\/Productivity.dta, SquareDensity.dta, squareid.dta, Dist_ClosestES.dta, Dist_ClosestFormal.dta, Dist_ClosestFormal_ALL_weak.dta, Dist_ClosestFormal_Web.dta","access_type":"Published in the package"},{"name":"Altitude Data","access_type":"Not published in the package","note":"Source: World Bank Enterprise Survey.\nThis dataset originates from the Zambia Informal and Sector Enterprise Survey and is not publicly shareable. Each business in the survey was recorded with its GPS coordinates, including latitude, longitude, and altitude. However, to uphold the confidentiality agreement and legal commitments of the World Bank, the Enterprise Analysis unit is prohibited from publishing this information. For access to the restricted GPS data (including altitude and other GPS data used for auxiliary datasets), please direct your inquiries to enterprisesurveys@worldbank.org."}],"title_statement":{"idno":"RR_ZMB_2024_109","title":"Reproducibility package for Spillovers in ICT Adoption from Formal to Informal Firms: Evidence from Zambia"},"acknowledgment_statement":"The authors thank Gemechu Ayana Aga, Mohamed Amin, Asif Islam, Norman Loayza, Jorge Rodriguez Meza, Naz\u0131m Tamko\u00e7, Marcio Jose Varga da Cruz, and Joshua Wimpey for helpful comments and suggestions. Moreover, the authors thank participants at the World Bank EFICE BBL Seminar, the World Bank DECIG Seminar, the 2023 WEAI Annual Conference, the SUFE Economics Seminar, the WHYUTAH conference, and the 2023 STATA Economics Virtual Symposium.","production_date":"2024-04","abstract":"This paper examines spillovers in the use of digital technologies from formal to informal businesses by exploring differences in geographic proximity. Using a unique set of geocoded data from the 2019 World Bank Enterprise Surveys in Zambia, the findings indicate that closer geographic proximity to formal firms is associated with a significantly higher likelihood of digital adoption by informal businesses. The finding holds for various types of digital technologies, ranging from computers, tablets, and cell phones to mobile money transactions, and is robust to various measures of geographic proximity and model modifications. The results vary by the owner\u2019s level of education and business age.  The results also suggest that the spillovers in ICT use can be explained by competition in the local market and learning through enhanced interactions. ","geographic_units":[{"name":"Zambia","code":"ZMB","type":"Country"}],"keywords":[{"name":"Informality"},{"name":"Spillovers"},{"name":"Technology Adoption"},{"name":"Firms"}],"topics":[{"id":"O55","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","name":"Africa","parent_id":"O5"},{"id":"D22","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","name":"Firm Behavior: Empirical Analysis","parent_id":"D2"},{"id":"E26","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","name":"Informal Economy \u2022 Underground Economy","parent_id":"E2"},{"id":"O17","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","name":"Formal and Informal Sectors \u2022 Shadow Economy \u2022 Institutional Arrangements","parent_id":"O1"}],"language":[{"name":"English","code":"EN"}],"data_statement":"This study utilizes a mix of publishable and non-republishable data sources. All data sources are publicly available, except for the altitude data, which is neither public nor included in the reproducibility package. The primary data source is a World Bank public survey, which cannot be republished; however, download links for these files are available in the data entries and the README file. Additionally, the authors and replicators had access to restricted elements of these surveys, such as GPS coordinates and enumeration forms from the WBMES and WBISES, used solely for calculating distances, densities, and productivity. The results of these calculations and the inputs for the package are included within the package itself. For detailed information on accessing the restricted components and understanding the necessary folder structure for analysis, please consult the README file and the data documentation included. The authors have also provided an intermediate dataset that allows for the replication of the results directly from the package, starting at line 225 in the analysis section. To conduct the analysis from the beginning, refer to the README for instructions on accessing the licensed data sources.","reproducibility_status":{"type":"Data: All data is public but not included all is in the package (details provided in README); Code: All code files, from cleaning to analysis, are included in the package; Outputs: All outputs are generated by code included in the reproducibility package; Reproducibility verification: Not all of the data used to conduct this verification is included in the public package."},"authoring_entity":[{"name":"Filip Jolevski","email":"fjolevski@worldbank.org","affiliation":"World Bank"},{"name":"Gaurav Nayyar","email":"gnayyar@worldbank.org","affiliation":"World Bank"},{"affiliation":"World Bank","name":"Regina Pleninger","email":"rpleninger@worldbank.org"},{"affiliation":"World Bank","email":"syu2@worldbank.org","name":"Shu Yu"}],"output":[{"type":"Working Paper","title":"Spillovers in ICT Adoption from Formal to Informal Firms: Evidence from Zambia ","authors":"Filip Jolevski, Gaurav Nayyar, Regina Pleninger, Shu Yu","description":"Policy Research Working Paper (PRWP) 10757\n","uri":"http:\/\/documents.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/099420004222417764\/IDU1132c9f691aaab14181180361a913d87dffc0","doi":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1596\/1813-9450-10757"}],"software":[{"name":"Stata","version":"18"}],"scripts":[{"dependencies":"All dependencies are stored in the ado folder.","instructions":"See README in the reproducibility package.","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DIME) Analytics team, World Bank","description":"The code in this folder generates the tables and figures in the paper \u201cSpillovers in ICT Adoption from Formal to Informal Firms: Evidence from Zambia \u201d by Filip Jolevski, Gaurav Nayyar, Regina Pleninger, Shu Yu","title":"Reproducibility package (partial data and code) for Spillovers in ICT Adoption from Formal to Informal Firms: Evidence from Zambia ","file_name":"RR_ZMB_2024_109.zip","zip_package":"RR_ZMB_2024_109.zip"}],"contacts":[{"name":" Regina Pleninger","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"rpleninger@worldbank.org"},{"email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org","affiliation":"World Bank","name":"Reproducibility WBG"}],"technology_environment":"Paper exhibits were reproduced in a computer with the following specifications:\n\u2022 OS: Windows 11 Enterprise, version 21H2\n\u2022 Processor: Intel(R) Xeon(R) Gold 6226R CPU @ 2.90GHz, 16 Core(s)\n\u2022 Memory available: 15.7 GB\n\u2022 Software version: Stata 18","technology_requirements":"~10 minutes runtime","reproduction_instructions":"For successful replication of this package, new users have two options depending on the data access level. To run the code from the beginning, users need to obtain full access to all data sources, including the World Bank Enterprise Survey (WBES) - Zambia and altitude data. Once accessed, they should name the files following the conventions outlined in the README and data entry documentation, and correctly place these files into the designated folder. After that users must update the directory paths and run the main do file. Alternatively, users can start from line 225 using the intermediate dataset, which only requires updating the directory path in the settings and running the Main do file. This approach allows users to reproduce the results in the paper starting from the intermediate data. ","repository_uri":[{"name":"Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank)","uri":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org"}],"disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","license":[{"name":"Modified BSD3","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/bsd-3-clause\/"}]},"tags":[{"tag":"DOI"}],"schematype":"script"}