{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","affiliation":"World Bank - Development Impact Department","role":"Verification and preparation of metadata","abbr":"DIME"}],"prod_date":"2024-01","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"authoring_entity":[{"name":"James Frederick Cust","role":"Senior Economist","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"jcust@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Alexis Rivera Ballesteros","role":"Consultant","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"ariveraballester@worldbank.org"}],"output":[{"type":"WP","title":"Are the Poorest Catching Up?","authors":"James Cust, Paul Collier and Alexis Rivera-Ballesteros ","uri":"https:\/\/documents.worldbank.org\/en\/publication\/documents-reports\/documentdetail\/099257212012320427\/idu04b6e9b6e0a87504b5d09a0b0012bb203154e","doi":"10.1596\/1813-9450-10622","description":"PRWP 10622"}],"datasets":[{"name":"World Bank\u2019s World Development Indicators 2023","note":"Filename: wdi.dta\nLocated at: \\Data\\clean\n\nIt contains macroeconomic indicators obtained from the World Bank\u2019s World Development Indicators 2023 update via the DataBank API for Stata. \n\nThe indicators used are:\nNY.GDP.MKTP.KD \u2013 GDP (constant 2015 US$),\nNY.GDP.PCAP.KD \u2013 GDP per capita (constant 2015 US$),\nNY.GDP.MKTP.PP.KD \u2013 GDP, PPP (constant 2017 international $),\nSP.POP.TOTL \u2013 Population (total),\nNY.GDP.TOTL.RT.ZS \u2013 Total natural resources rents (% of GDP),\nSP.POP.GROW \u2013 Population growth (annual %),\nNY.GNP.MKTP.KD \u2013 GNI (constant 2015 US$),\nNE.GDI.FTOT.KD \u2013 Gross fixed capital formation (constant 2015 US$),","uri":"https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/"},{"name":"Penn World Table 10.0","note":"File name: pwt100.dta \nLocated at: \\Data\\base\n\nThis data contains GDP and other macroeconomic indicators from Penn World Table 10.0.","uri":"https:\/\/www.rug.nl\/ggdc\/productivity\/pwt\/pwt-releases\/pwt100?lang=en"},{"name":"World Bank's Poverty and Inequality Platform data","note":"Filename: pip.csv\nLocated at: \\Data\\base\n\nThis data contains surveyed income data from World Bank's Poverty and Inequality Platform. The data is downloaded from the Poverty and Inequality Indicators dashboard, selecting 2011 as the base year from the top dropdown menu, and hitting the \"Download all country data\" from the download options at the bottom of the left sidebar.","uri":"https:\/\/pip.worldbank.org\/poverty-calculator"},{"name":"Lakner and Milanovic (2013)","note":"Filename: lm_wpid_web.dta \nLocated at: \\Data\\base\n\nThis data contains the inputs to replicate the analysis from [Lakner and Milanovic (2013)]","uri":"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/research\/brief\/World-Panel-Income-Distribution"},{"name":"Changing Wealth of Nations 2021","note":"Filename: CWON2021 Country Tool - Full Dataset.xslx \nLocated at: \\Data\\base\n\nThis data contains wealth accounting data from the Changing Wealth of Nations 2021 report.\nClick on the link in \"An Excel country tool found here.\" on the website.","uri":"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/publication\/changing-wealth-of-nations\/data"},{"name":"World Bank Commodity Markets data","note":"Filename: CMO-Historical-Data-Monthly.xlsx \nLocated at: \\Data\\base\n\nThis data contains data on commodity prices from World Bank Commodity Markets data.\nClick on the \"Monthly prices\"","uri":"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/research\/commodity-markets#1"},{"name":"Analysis data from Patel, Sandefur, and Subramanian(2021)","note":"Filename: combined_data.dta \nLocated at: \\Data\\base\n\nThis data contains the inputs to replicate the analysis from Patel, Sandefur, and Subramanian(2021) . The replication code and data are obtained from this link that the authors provided in their Working Paper version.","uri":"https:\/\/www.dropbox.com\/s\/qrw06liqtil6a2r\/Replication_files.zip?e=2&dl=0"},{"name":"WDI indicators","note":"Filename: si.pov.dday.csv\nLocated at: \\Data\\base\n\nThis data contains the Poverty headcount ratio at $1.90 a day (discountinued) series that are no longer part of the WDI indicators, due to a change in the methodology of poverty estimation.","uri":"https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SI.POV.DDAY"},{"note":"Filename: bb_countries.dta \nLocated at: \\Data\\base\n\nThis data contains the list of countries that are classified as part of the Bottom Billion group in\nCollier (2009)\n","name":"Bottom Billion group in Collier (2009)","uri":"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Wars-Guns-Votes-Democracy-Dangerous\/dp\/0061479640"},{"name":"OECD Countries (2023)","note":"Filename: oecd.dta \nLocated at: \\Data\\base\n\nThis data contains the list of OECD countries as of December 2023 listed in the OECD official webpage.\n","uri":"https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/about\/document\/ratification-oecd-convention.htm"},{"name":"World Bank\u2019s PovCalnet data","note":"Filenames: f_povhc_bygroup.dta , h_povhc_bygroup.dta, and povhc_byregion.dta\nLocated at: \\Data\\clean\n\nThese are datasets with historical and projected poverty headcount estimates constructed from country-year estimates from multiple sources that include publicly available data from World Bank\u2019s PovCalnet data but also from other sources that are not public including World Bank\u2019s Global Poverty and Inequality Data team and linear interpolation for gap filling.","uri":"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/topic\/poverty"}],"scripts":[{"file_name":"RR_WLD_2024_62-v2.zip","zip_package":"RR_WLD_2024_62-v2.zip","title":"Reproducibility package for Are the Poorest Catching Up?","date":"2024-01","software":"Stata 18","instructions":"See README in reproducibility package","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by the Development Impact (DIME) Analytics team, World Bank.","dependencies":"Required Stata packages are included in the ado folder. "}],"geographic_units":[{"code":"WLD","name":"World"}],"title_statement":{"idno":"RR_WLD_2024_62-v1","title":"Reproducibility Package for Are the Poorest Catching Up?"},"acknowledgment_statement":"2024-01","abstract":"Are global incomes converging or diverging? Despite recent empirical evidence supporting the hypothesis of unconditional beta convergence, this paper argues that such findings overlook the stark reality facing the world\u2019s poorest people. Many lower income countries, including those among the so-called \u201cBottom Billion,\u201d continue to slip further behind the rest of the world, while the numbers of those living in extreme poverty are beginning to rise again after decades of decline. The paper explores how these contradictions can coexist and discusses the policy importance of looking beyond global average trends. The paper identifies three confusions that can arise when analyzing trends in income convergence. First, a focus on unconditional convergence can overlook important policy questions, such as whether countries are likely to eradicate extreme poverty or to catch up with the rest of the world. Tests for convergence may yield only partial answers, especially in light of recent findings that show that unconditional beta convergence can coexist with a significant group of countries slipping ever further behind the rest of the world. Meanwhile extreme poverty numbers are increasing rather than decreasing. Second, average trends can both obscure and be distorted by underlying differences in country composition. In the extreme case, while fast-growing China was below global mean incomes between 2000 and 2020, it significantly boosted empirical support for global convergence. Now that China has passed this threshold, the finding will likely reverse in the coming years as more data is available. Third, different levels of availability of time periods and country coverage can distort and even bias empirical findings, especially where limitations to data availability is correlated with lower income or diverging economies. ","keywords":[{"name":"Economic Growth"},{"name":"Convergence"},{"name":"Inequality"},{"name":"Poverty"}],"topics":[{"id":"O40","vocabulary":"JEL Classifications","name":" Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity: General ","url":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel"},{"id":"O15","vocabulary":"JEL Classifications","name":" Economic Development: Human Resources; Human Development; Income Distribution; Migration ","url":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel"},{"id":"O47","vocabulary":"JEL Classifications","name":" Empirical Studies of Economic Growth; Aggregate Productivity; Cross-Country Output Convergence ","url":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel"},{"id":"E01","vocabulary":"JEL Classifications","name":" Measurement and Data on National Income and Product Accounts and Wealth; Environmental Accounts ","url":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel"}],"language":[{"name":"English","code":"EN"}],"data_statement":"All data are obtained from public sources except the data required to produce figures 13, 14, 16, and 17, where we only report aggregated data.","reproduction_instructions":"Follow the instructions in README.","disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/the World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","license":[{"name":"Modified BSD3","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/bsd-3-clause\/"}],"contacts":[{"name":"Alexis Rivera Ballesteros","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"ariveraballester@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Reproducibility WB\t","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org","affiliation":"World Bank"}],"software":[{"name":"Stata","version":"18"}],"technology_requirements":"5 min runtime","identifiers":[{"type":"DOI","identifier":"10.60572\/t2gb-r488"}]},"tags":[{"tag":"DOI"}],"schematype":"script"}