{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","abbr":"DIME","affiliation":"World Bank - Development Impact Department ","role":"Verification and preparation of metadata"}],"prod_date":"2024-06-28","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"authoring_entity":[{"name":"Sean Denny","affiliation":"Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara","email":"smdenny@bren.ucsb.edu"},{"name":"Gabriel Englander","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"aenglander@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Patrick Hunnicutt","affiliation":"Environmental Science and Policy, Chapman University","email":"phunnicutt@chapman.edu"}],"output":[{"type":"Working paper","title":"Private Management of African Protected Areas Improves Wildlife and Tourism Outcomes but with Security Concerns in Conflict Regions","description":"Policy Research Working Paper (PRWP) WPS10874","uri":"http:\/\/documents.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/099220208202440890\/IDU14de7c03b1d58414bb51b9e119fc34eb5e08e","doi":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1596\/1813-9450-10874"}],"datasets":[{"name":"World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA)","uri":"https:\/\/www.protectedplanet.net\/en\/thematic-areas\/wdpa?tab=WDPA","access_type":"Users must download the data directly from the Data URL provided below.","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.protectedplanet.net\/en\/legal","note":"Data was downloaded on January 19, 2023. Data currently available in the data URL might be different that the data used by the authors."},{"name":"Boundaries of the protected area of Chinko","note":"Data was received by email from Reece Thornley on February 2, 2023. Data is the folder data\/chinko.","access_type":"Data is included in the reproducibility package"},{"name":"Boundaries of the protected area of Siniaka Minia","access_type":"Data is included in the reproducibility package","note":"Data was received by email from Mathias D'haen on September 27, 2023. Data is in the folder data\/Siniaka_Minia_Reserve."},{"name":"Boundaries of the protected area of Ennedi ","uri":"https:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/documents\/143294","access_type":"Data is public and included in the reproducibility package","note":"Data was downloaded on on September 19, 2023. Data is in the folder data\/ennedi"},{"name":"Boundaries of the protected areas of Luengue and Mavinga ","note":"The authors drew the boundaries in QGIS from maps included in Nieman, W. A. (2023) (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2989\/10220119.2023.2208626).\n","access_type":"Data is included in the reproducibility package"},{"name":"Monitoring the Illegal Killing of Elephants (MIKE)","uri":"https:\/\/cites.org\/sites\/default\/files\/MIKE\/data\/Numbers_Carcasses_eachMIKESite_year_2022-03-31.xlsx","access_type":"Data is public and included in the reproducibility package","note":"Data was downloaded from the data URL on January 16, 2023. Data is in the folder data\/"},{"name":"MIKE site boundaries","note":"Data was received by email from a MIKE employee on February 11, 2022 and saved the file in data\/2021_10_29_MIke_Boundary\/","access_type":"Data is included in the reproducibility package"},{"name":"eBird","access_type":"Users must download the data directly from the Data URL provided below. 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Re-running download_inaturalist.R at later date may produce slightly different results if iNaturalist updates the underlying data in the interim (e.g., iNaturalist users upload additional historical data). "},{"name":"Atlas AI Asset Wealth Data","note":"Data were obtained on July 14, 2023. These data are non-public and are only obtainable by agreement with Atlas AI. The authors are able to share derived data for the asset wealth values for each protected area and year in the study (output\/data\/asset_wealth_df.Rdata), along with the code used to derive these values from the raw data (scripts\/make_data\/make_asset_wealth_df.R).","access_type":"The dataset is restricted. However, a derived version of the dataset is included in the reproducibility package along with the script that created the derived data."},{"name":"Armed Conflict Location & Event Data (ACLED)","uri":"https:\/\/acleddata.com\/","access_type":"The dataset is restricted. However, a derived version of the dataset is included in the reproducibility package along with the script that created the derived data.","note":"The data were downloaded and saved into a derived dataset by running scripts\/make_conflict.R on April 4, 2024. The derived dataset is saved in output\/data\/conflict_panel.RData. Re-running make_conflict.R at a later date may produce different results"},{"name":"Populated Places from Natural Earth","uri":"https:\/\/www.naturalearthdata.com\/downloads\/10m-cultural-vectors\/10m-populated-places\/","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.naturalearthdata.com\/about\/terms-of-use\/","access_type":"Data is public and included in the reproducibility package","note":"Version 5.1.2 of the data was downloaded on September 18, 2023 from the URL https:\/\/www.naturalearthdata.com\/http\/\/www.naturalearthdata.com\/download\/10m\/cultural\/ne_10m_populated_places.zip. The data is saved in the folder thedata\/ne_10m_populated_places."},{"name":"Mechanisms and Management Effectiveness Tracking Tool (METT) data","access_type":"Data is included in the reproducibility package","note":"The data were received from Jonas Geldman by email on May 1, 2023. The data are data\/2023_05_01_METT_1_3_scores.csv and data\/2023_05_04_METT_1_3_GEF_assessors.xlsx"},{"name":"ERA5 weather data","uri":"https:\/\/cds.climate.copernicus.eu\/cdsapp#!\/dataset\/reanalysis-era5-single-levels?tab=overview","access_type":"Data is public and included in the reproducibility package","license_uri":"https:\/\/cds.climate.copernicus.eu\/api\/v2\/terms\/static\/licence-to-use-copernicus-products.pdf","note":"The data were downloaded and processed in Google Earth Engine on May 1, 2023. The download and processing script can be found in scripts\/make_data\/calculate_dd_precip.txt. The processed data was saved in the folder output\/data\/era5."}],"title_statement":{"idno":"RR_AFR_2024_117","title":"Reproducibility package for Private Management of African Protected Areas Improves Wildlife and Tourism Outcomes but with Security Concerns in Conflict Regions"},"production_date":"2024-05","abstract":"Protected areas can conserve wildlife and benefit people when managed effectively. African governments increasingly delegate the management of protected areas to private, non-governmental organizations, hoping that private organizations\u2019 significant resources and technical capacities actualize protected areas\u2019 potential. Does private management improve outcomes compared to a counterfactual of government management? We leverage the transfer of management authority from governments to African Parks (AP)\u2014the largest private manager of protected areas in Africa\u2014to show that private management significantly improves wildlife outcomes via reduced elephant poaching and increased bird abundances. Our results also suggest that AP\u2019s management augments tourism, while the effect on rural wealth is inconclusive. However, AP\u2019s management increases the risk of armed groups targeting civilians, which could be an unintended outcome of AP\u2019s improved monitoring and enforcement systems. These findings reveal an intricate interplay between conservation, economic development, and security under privately-managed protected areas in Africa.","geographic_units":[{"name":"Africa","code":"AFR"}],"keywords":[{"name":"Protected areas"},{"name":"Private sector management"},{"name":"Wildlife conservation"},{"name":"Armed conflict"},{"name":"Economic development"}],"data_statement":"Two datasets are restricted and have not been included in the reproducibility package. All other datasets used are included.","software":[{"name":"R","version":"4.1.2"}],"scripts":[{"file_name":"RR_AFR_2024_117-v02","zip_package":"RR_AFR_2024_117-v02.rar","title":"Reproducibility package (code and partial data) for Private Management of African Protected Areas Improves Wildlife and Tourism Outcomes but with Security Concerns in Conflict Regions","dependencies":"All dependencies and their versions are recorded in the file \"renv.lock\". The README includes optional instructions for reproducing the programming environment of the authors using renv. The code will still run without reproducing the environment but the results might differ slightly.","instructions":"See README in the reproducibility package","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DIME) Analytics team, World Bank."}],"repository_uri":[{"name":"Development Data Hub (World Bank)","uri":"https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/int\/home"}],"technology_requirements":"Runtime: 50 hours","technology_environment":"Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:\n\u2013 OS: Windows 10 Enterprise, version 22H2\n\u2013 Processor: Intel(R) Xeon(R) Gold 6132 CPU @ 2.60GHz 2.60 GHz (2 processors)\n\u2013 Memory available: 128 GB\n\u2013 Software version: R 4.2.1 \"Bird Hippie\"","reproduction_instructions":"Users need to gain access to the datasets WDPA and eBird, open the RStudio project \"african-parks.Rproj\" in RStudio, and run the main scripts \"main-make-data.R\" and \"main-figures-tables.R\". Instructions for getting access to the datasets are included in the README.","disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","license":[{"name":"Modified BSD3 ","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/bsd-3-clause\/"}],"contacts":[{"name":"Gabriel Englander","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"aenglander@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org","affiliation":"World Bank"}]},"tags":[{"tag":"DOI"}],"schematype":"script"}