{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","abbr":"DIME","affiliation":"World Bank - Development Impact Department","role":"Verification and preparation of metadata"}],"prod_date":"2024-07-26","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"authoring_entity":[{"name":"Yunji Choi","email":"yunjichoi@snu.ac.kr","affiliation":"Seoul National University"},{"name":"Mario Gronert","email":"mgronert@worldbank.org","affiliation":"World Bank"},{"affiliation":"World Bank","name":"Maddalena Honorati","email":"mhonorati@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Joshua D. Merfeld","email":"jmerfeld@worldbank.org","affiliation":"World Bank"},{"name":"David Newhouse","email":"dnewhouse@worldbank.org","affiliation":"World Bank"}],"output":[{"type":"Working Paper","title":"Does Climbing the Jobs Ladder Promote Poverty Reduction?","authors":" Yunji Choi, Mario Gronert, Maddalena Honorati, Joshua D. Merfeld, David Newhouse","description":"Policy Research Working Paper (PRWP) 10856","uri":"http:\/\/documents.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/099315107182441044\/IDU1e65938be1c7fb14ea81984a13cb7de6fc3e6","doi":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1596\/1813-9450-10856"}],"datasets":[{"note":"File Name: ladder_cross_country.dta.\nLocation: data\/input\/ladder_cross_country.dta.\n\nThis is an intermediate dataset created and used by the authors as the main input for the research paper. The file \"ladder_cross_country.dta\" serves as the primary input for the research paper, allowing for full replication. This intermediate dataset was created by aggregating data from harmonized household surveys, but note that the version included in the package excludes surveys from Vietnam, which slightly affects some exhibits. The replicators verified this paper using this intermediate dataset. \n\nIn addition, the authors provided the necessary codes to produce this dataset, but not the underlying data, which was shared by other teams without redistribution permissions. For more information on data creation and sources, refer to the README file \"Data\/Input\/Making Ladder Cross Country\/README- Creation of the ladder_cross_country.pdf\". This intermediate data is drawn from GLD, GMD, I2D2, and IMF World Economic Outlook Database, described in the entries below. For further details or questions, contact Mario Gronert at mgronert@worldbank.org.","access_type":"Published with the package","name":"Aggregated Data from Harmonized Household Surveys"},{"note":"Source: World Bank. \nThe Global Labor Database (GLD) includes various harmonized household surveys, accessible and shareable by World Bank staff, except for surveys from Morocco, Egypt, and Vietnam, which cannot be shared due to restrictions. The harmonization codes and survey documentation for all GLD surveys, both restricted and unrestricted access, are available online at the GLD GitHub Repository. The code to extract the data is located at \"Data\/Input\/Making Ladder Cross Country\/02 Download or transfer files - 02 - Transfer GLD\" and was last extracted in May 2023.\n","name":"Global Labor Database (GLD)","access_type":"Confidential and not included in the package","uri":"https:\/\/github.com\/worldbank\/gld"},{"name":"Global Monitoring Database (GMD)","note":"Source: World Bank. \nThe GMD is a collection of harmonized micro-level surveys managed by different World Bank units.  For World Bank staff GMD harmonized micro-level surveys can be downloaded from Datalibweb, and the code is provided at \"Data\/Input\/Making Ladder Cross Country\/02 Download or transfer files - 01 - Download GMD surveys\"","access_type":"Confidential and not included in the package"},{"name":"International Income Distribution Database (I2D2)","note":"Source: World Bank. \nThe I2D2 is a collection of harmonized household surveys managed by different GPs\/Bank Units within the World Bank. Access to I2D2 datasets is managed by different GPs\/Bank Units within the World Bank.\nThe code used to extract these data is located at \"Data\/Input\/Making Ladder Cross Country\/02 Download or transfer files - 03 - Transfer I2D2 add surveys\"","access_type":"Confidential and not included in the package"},{"name":"IMF's World Economic Outlook 2023","uri":"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/Publications\/WEO\/weo-database\/2023\/October\/download-entire-database","note":"Source: International Monetary Fund.\nThe file was downloaded as an Excel file on the 22nd of March 2024. It was manually converted into a CSV file. Data file: \"WEOOct2023all.csv\".","access_type":"Published with the package"}],"software":[{"name":"Stata","version":"18 MP"}],"scripts":[{"file_name":"RR_WLD_2024_170.zip","zip_package":"RR_WLD_2024_170.zip","title":"Reproducibility package (partial data and code) for Does Climbing the Jobs Ladder Promote Poverty Reduction?","date":"2024-07","dependencies":"All dependencies are stored in the ado folder.","instructions":"See README in the reproducibility package.","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DIME) Analytics team, World Bank"}],"title_statement":{"idno":"RR_WLD_2024_170","title":"Reproducibility package for Does Climbing the Jobs Ladder Promote Poverty Reduction?"},"production_date":"2024-07","abstract":"This paper explores trends in and the potential determinants of the types of jobs held by workers, and their relationship with poverty reduction, in an unbalanced panel of 89 countries over the past 30 years. Jobs are classified into five categories according to formality, occupation or level of skills required, and wage work versus self-employment. Net shifts into \"upper tier\" or skilled informal wage jobs, defined as professionals, managers, technicians, or clerks, from \"lower tier\" or lower skilled informal jobs were strongly associated with poverty reduction at the $1.90 and $3.20 lines. In contrast, net shifts into formal wage jobs from lower tier informal jobs were associated with modest poverty reductions at the $5.50 poverty line. The share of workers in informal upper tier jobs represents less than 2 percent of the workforce and has increased little over the past 30 years in low- and middle-income countries. The findings show that increases in upper tier informal wage jobs are associated with shifts of the workforce from microenterprises to small firms in lower- and upper-middle-income countries, but they are not discernibly associated with higher educational attainment or urbanization. In contrast, increases in the share of formal wage jobs are strongly associated with increases in the share of workers with post-secondary education, driven by high-income countries. The results suggest that upper tier informal wage jobs and the skills they require play a potentially important role in poverty reduction but are not automatically generated by increased educational attainment, urbanization, or firm size.\u202f ","geographic_units":[{"name":"World","code":"WLD","type":"Region"}],"keywords":[{"name":"jobs"},{"name":"growth"},{"name":"employment"},{"name":"poverty"},{"name":"education"},{"name":"skills"},{"name":"informality"}],"topics":[{"id":" I31","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","name":"General Welfare, Well-Being","parent_id":"I3","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)"},{"id":"J21","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","parent_id":"J2","name":"Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure"},{"id":"J46","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","parent_id":"J4","name":"Informal Labor Markets"},{"id":"L16","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","parent_id":"L1","name":"Industrial Organization and Macroeconomics: Industrial Structure and Structural Change \u2022 Industrial Price Indices"},{"id":"O10","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","parent_id":"O1","name":"Economic Development - General"},{"id":"O50","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","parent_id":"O5","name":"Economywide Country Studies -General"}],"language":[{"name":"English","code":"EN"}],"data_statement":"Some data is confidential and has not been included in the reproducibility package. For more details, please refer to the README file.","repository_uri":[{"name":"Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank)","uri":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org"}],"technology_environment":"Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:\n\u2022 OS: Windows 11 Enterprise, version 21H2\n\u2022 Processor: Intel(R) Xeon(R) Gold 6226R CPU @ 2.90GHz, 16 Core(s)\n\u2022 Memory available: 15.7 GB\n\u2022 Software version: Stata 18MP","technology_requirements":"~20 minutes runtime","reproduction_instructions":"To successfully use this package with the provided intermediate dataset, follow these two steps:\n1. Update the file path: Open the main file \" 00-Reproducibility_master.do\" and update the file path to match the location on your computer.\n2. Run the file: Once the file path is updated, run the main do file.\n\nImportant Notes:\n- The package does not include surveys from Vietnam, which may slightly affect some results.\n- These instructions are specifically for running the package with the provided intermediate data.\n- The package will be fully functional with the provided intermediate dataset, allowing you to reproduce the results.","disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","license":[{"name":"Modified BSD3","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/bsd-3-clause\/"}],"contacts":[{"affiliation":"World Bank","name":"Mario Gronert","email":"mgronert@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org"}]},"tags":[{"tag":"DOI"}],"schematype":"script"}