{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","abbr":"DIME","affiliation":"World Bank - Development Impact Department","role":"Verification and preparation of metadata"}],"prod_date":"2024-08-21","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"authoring_entity":[{"name":"Maimouna Diakite","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"diakite.mai@hotmail.fr"},{"name":"Abdoul-Akim Wandaogo","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"awandaogo@worldbank.org"}],"output":[{"type":"Working paper","title":"Cross-Country Empirical Analysis of GovTech Platforms on Citizen Engagement","description":"Policy Research Working Paper (PRWP) 10716","uri":"http:\/\/documents.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/099029103062432172\/IDU1e2fc782f13ddb14ac41ae801f190d313322f","doi":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1596\/1813-9450-10716"}],"title_statement":{"idno":"RR_WLD_2024_97","title":"Reproducibility package for Cross-Country Empirical Analysis of GovTech Platforms on Citizen Engagement"},"production_date":"2024-08","abstract":"Countries worldwide are implementing GovTech reforms to modernize the public sector and achieve better performance while responding to citizens\u2019 needs. At its core, GovTech represents a whole-of-government approach to public sector modernization, which emphasizes three critical aspects: (i) citizen-centric public services that are universally accessible; (ii) a whole-of-government approach to digital government transformation; and (iii) simple, efficient, and transparent government systems. Within this context, strengthening citizen engagement is crucial to ensure accountability, improve public policy quality, and enhance service delivery. Accordingly, this study aims to be the first cross-country empirical assessment of the impact of GovTech platforms, which can allow citizens to: (i) participate in policy decision-making and (ii) provide feedback on public service delivery. Using a large sample of 176 countries, the study assesses the impact of the implementation of national platforms that allow citizens to participate more effectively. This research employs entropy balancing as the main identification strategy, as well as propensity score matching and ordinary least squares regressions on the matching sample as alternatives. Additional robustness checks were performed using alternative GovTech Maturity Index 2022 data and by considering the possibility of a slower diffusion of the technology. A sensitivity analysis, considering the role of governance, political and institutional factors, as well as the level of development, is likewise performed. The results show a significant and positive impact of GovTech platforms on citizen engagement. Similarly, democracy and the equal distribution of political power have strong and positive effects on citizen engagement. By contrast, public sector corruption negatively and significantly impacts citizen engagement. The findings also provide evidence that GovTech platforms are more effective in fostering citizen engagement in high-income economies and in countries where the government is efficient, institutional and social fragility is low, and there is no conflict or only low-intensity conflict. The results of an Africa-focused analysis indicate that African countries that have adopted such digital platforms likewise experience an increase in citizen engagement.","geographic_units":[{"name":"World","code":"WLD"}],"keywords":[{"name":"citizen engagement"},{"name":"GovTech"},{"name":"e-government"},{"name":"digital platforms"},{"name":"Impact analysis"},{"name":"entropy balancing"},{"name":"weighted least squares"},{"name":"propensity score matching"},{"name":"ordinary least squares"},{"name":"control function"},{"name":"Africa"}],"topics":[{"id":"C1","parent_id":"C","name":"Econometric and Statistical Methods and Methodology: General","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature"},{"id":"H11","parent_id":"H1","name":"Structure, Scope, and Performance of Government","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature"},{"id":"O33","parent_id":"O3","name":"Technological Change: Choices and Consequences \u2022 Diffusion Processes","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature"},{"id":"O55","parent_id":"O5","name":"Africa","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature"}],"datasets":[{"name":"GovTech Maturity Index (GTMI) 2022 dataset","uri":"https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/int\/search\/dataset\/0037889\/govtech-dataset","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)","license_uri":"https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/int\/public-licenses?fragment=cc","access_type":"Data is public and included in the reproducibility package","note":"Data was downloaded in August 2023. The raw data was manually modified in Excel; the resulting file is the code input. Both the raw data and the modified data are included in the reproducibility package. See the README for details on the manual data modifications. Raw data file: \"WBG_GovTech Dataset_Mar2023.xlsx\". Modified data file: \"gtmi.xlsx\"."},{"name":"World Development Indicators (WDI) dataset","uri":"https:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/source\/world-development-indicators","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/about\/legal\/terms-of-use-for-datasets","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)","access_type":"Data is public and included in the reproducibility package","note":"Data was accessed in July 2023. The raw data was manually modified in Excel; the resulting file is the code input. Both the raw data and the modified data are included in the reproducibility package. See the README for details on the manual data modifications. Raw data files: \"P_Data_Extract_From_World_Development_Indicators_1.xlsx\", \"P_Data_Extract_From_World_Development_Indicators_2.xlsx\". Manually cleaned data files: \"wdi_1.xlsx\", \"wdi_2.xlsx\", \"wdi_3.xlsx\", \"wdi_4.xlsx\"."},{"name":"Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) v13 dataset","uri":"https:\/\/v-dem.net\/data\/the-v-dem-dataset\/","note":"Data was accessed in February 2023. The raw data was manually renamed; the resulting file is the code input. Only the renamed data is included in the reproducibility package. See the README for details. Data file: \"vdem.dta\" (renamed from the original \"V-Dem-CY-Full+Others-v13.dta\", as downloaded from the data source).","access_type":"Data is public and included in the reproducibility package (see dataset FAQ: https:\/\/v-dem.net\/about\/faq\/)"},{"name":"Polity V dataset from the Center for Systemic Peace","note":"Data was accessed in July 2023. The most recent dataset version is available for download here: https:\/\/www.systemicpeace.org\/inscrdata.html (Go to \"Polity5 Annual Time-Series, 1946-2018\" and then to \"Excel Series\"). The raw data was manually modified in Excel; the resulting file is the code input. None of these files are included in the reproducibility package due to redistribution restrictions. See the README for details on the manual data modifications. Raw data file: \"p5v2018.xls\". Manually cleaned data file: \"polity.xls\".","uri":"https:\/\/www.systemicpeace.org\/polityproject.html","access_type":"Dataset is public but not included in the package. "},{"name":"International Telecommunication Union (ITU) dataset","note":"Data was accessed in August 2023. The raw data was manually modified in Excel; the resulting file is the code input. Both the raw data and the modified data are included in the reproducibility package. See the README for details on the manual data modifications. Raw data file: \"FixedBroadbandSubscriptions_2000-2021.xlsx\". Manually cleaned data file: \"broadband.xlsx\".","uri":"https:\/\/datahub.itu.int\/data\/?i=19303","license":"Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO license","license_uri":"https:\/\/datahub.itu.int\/about\/","access_type":"Data is public and included in the reproducibility package"},{"name":"UCDP\/PRIO Armed Conflict dataset version 22.1","note":"Data was accessed in July 2023. The most recent version of the dataset is accessible in the data URL, version 22.1 is available in https:\/\/ucdp.uu.se\/downloads\/olddw.html. The raw data was manually modified in Excel; the resulting file is the code input. Both the raw data and the modified data are included in the reproducibility package. See the README for details on the manual data modifications. Raw data file: \"ucdp-prio-acd-221.xlsx\". Manually cleaned data file: \"prio.xlsx\".","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0)","access_type":"Data is public and included in the reproducibility package","uri":"https:\/\/ucdp.uu.se\/downloads\/index.html#armedconflict"},{"name":"World Bank FY20 List of Fragile and Conflict-affected Situations","note":"Data was accessed in July 2023. File: \"wbgl.xlsx\".","uri":"https:\/\/pubdocs.worldbank.org\/en\/179011582771134576\/FCS-FY20.pdf","access_type":"Data is public and included in the reproducibility package"},{"name":"Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI) dataset","note":"Data was accessed in August 2023. The raw data was manually modified in Excel; the resulting file is the code input. Both the raw data and the modified data are included in the reproducibility package. See the README for details on the manual data modifications. Raw data file: \"P_Data_Extract_From_Worldwide_Governance_Indicators.xlsx\". Manually cleaned data file: \"wgi.xlsx\".","uri":"https:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/source\/worldwide-governance-indicators","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)","license_uri":"https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/int\/public-licenses?fragment=cc","access_type":"Data is public and included in the reproducibility package"}],"software":[{"name":"Stata","version":"18.0 MP"}],"scripts":[{"file_name":"RR_WLD_2024_97","zip_package":"RR_WLD_2024_97.zip","title":"Reproducibility package (code and partial data) for Cross-Country Empirical Analysis of GovTech Platforms on Citizen Engagement","dependencies":"All Stata dependencies are included in the folder \"ado\".","instructions":"See README in the reproducibility package ","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DIME) Analytics team, World Bank. "}],"data_statement":"Seven out of eight data sources are publicly available and included in the reproducibility package. One data source is publicly available but not included.","repository_uri":[{"name":"Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank)","uri":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org"}],"technology_environment":"Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:\n\u2022 OS: Windows 11 Pro, version 23H2\n\u2022 Processor: 11th Gen Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-1145G7 @ 2.60GHz 1.50 GHz\n\u2022 Memory available: 15.7 GB\n\u2022 Software version: Stata 18.0 MP","technology_requirements":"Runtime: 3 hours","reproduction_instructions":"Users need to download the Polity V dataset, follow the instructions in the README to manually modify the raw data in Excel to the shape it needs to have for the reproducibility package, change the global path in the main do-file MASTER and run it.","disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","license":[{"name":"Modified BSD3","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/bsd-3-clause\/"}],"contacts":[{"affiliation":"World Bank","name":"Abdoul-Akim Wandaogo","email":"awandaogo@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org"}]},"tags":[{"tag":"DOI"}],"schematype":"script"}