{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","abbr":"DIME","affiliation":"World Bank - Development Impact Department","role":"Verification and preparation of metadata"}],"prod_date":"2024-10-03","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"authoring_entity":[{"name":"Cristina Constantinescu","email":"ineagu@worldbank.org","affiliation":"World Bank"},{"name":"Arti Grover","email":"agrover1@ifc.org","affiliation":"International Finance Corporation"},{"name":"Gaurav Nayyar","email":"gnayyar@worldbank.org","affiliation":"World Bank"}],"output":[{"type":"Working Paper","description":"Policy Research Working Paper (PRWP) WPS10949","title":"Digitalization, Remote Work and Firm Performance: Evidence from the COVID-19 Shock","authors":"Cristina Constantinescu, Arti Grover, and Gaurav Nayyar","uri":"http:\/\/documents.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/099320110152485309\/IDU109730bb01deff1434b1ac661b7155ed32bf4","doi":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1596\/1813-9450-10949"}],"software":[{"name":"Stata","version":"18.0 MP"}],"scripts":[{"file_name":"RR_WLD_2024_199.zip","zip_package":"RR_WLD_2024_199.zip","title":"Reproducibility package (partial data and code) for Digitalization, Remote Work and Firm Performance: Evidence from the COVID-19 Shock","date":"2024-10","dependencies":"All dependencies are stored in the ado folder. ","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DIME) Analytics team, World Bank."}],"title_statement":{"idno":"RR_WLD_2024_199","title":"Reproducibility package for Digitalization, Remote Work and Firm Performance: Evidence from the COVID-19 Shock"},"acknowledgment_statement":"The authors are immensely grateful to the many World Bank Group colleagues and counterpart institutions that have supported the Business Pulse Survey (BPS) data collection, without whom this work would not have been possible. Likewise, we thank the Enterprise Analysis Unit of the Development Economics Global Indicators Department of the World Bank Group for making the Enterprise Survey data available. We thank Gene Grossman, Mona Haddad, Denis Medvedev, Antonio Nucifora, Marcelo Olarreaga and Daria Taglioni for their guidance and strategic support of the BPS initiative, and the Umbrella Trade Trust Fund for financial support. We thank Yewon Choi, Shwetha Eapen, and Mauricio Latorre for their research assistance. The authors are also grateful to the following colleagues for their feedback at the concept stage of this project: Asya Akhlaque, Ana Fernandes, Caroline Freund, Mary Hallward-Driemeier, Leonardo Iacovone, Michele Ruta, Daria Taglioni, Gonzalo Varela and Erik von Uexkull. We thank Edgar Avalos and Jesica Torres for their contributions in the initial stages of the project and Arthur Johannes Giesberts for his generosity in sharing his tool for converting text variables into 4-digit industry codes. We thank Alvaro Espitia and co-authors of Espitia et al. (2021) for kindly sharing the remote work flexibility indicator and the output share of durable products by industry. The views expressed in this paper are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the World Bank, its Executive Directors, or the countries they represent.","production_date":"2024-10","abstract":"Using Business Pulse Surveys (BPS) data for 61 countries during the COVID-19 pandemic, this paper presents novel findings on remote work, enabled by digitalization, as a source of resilience for firms. Our results suggest the following. First, firms in sectors with greater amenability to remote work experienced a smaller adverse impact of the pandemic in countries with better digital infrastructure. Second, these effects apply to both exporting and non-exporting firms. Third, there are differences across sectors. Among firms in the manufacturing sector, the benefits of remote work in countries with better digital infrastructure accrue more to exporters relative to non-exporters, thereby reflecting a premium to exporting. This exporting premium is not observed in the services sector, which largely comprises firms among non-knowledge intensive services in our sample. Fourth, the effects of the amenability to work remotely in countries with better digital infrastructure do not dissipate over time.","geographic_units":[{"name":"World","code":"WLD","type":"Region"}],"keywords":[{"name":"Digital"},{"name":"Remote work"},{"name":"Firms"},{"name":"Resilience"},{"name":"COVID-19"},{"name":"Trade"}],"topics":[{"id":"D22","uri":" https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Firm Behavior: Empirical Analysis","parent_id":"D2"},{"id":"F14","uri":" https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Empirical Studies of Trade","parent_id":"F1"},{"id":"L20","uri":" https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior - General","parent_id":"L2"},{"id":"L25","uri":" https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","parent_id":"L2","name":"Firm Performance: Size, Diversification, and Scope"},{"id":"O10","uri":" https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","parent_id":"O1","name":"Economic Development - General"}],"language":[{"name":"English","code":"EN"}],"data_statement":"Some data is restricted and has not been included in the reproducibility package. For more details, please refer to the README file.","repository_uri":[{"name":"Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank)","uri":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org"}],"technology_environment":"Paper exhibits were reproduced in a computer with the following specifications:\n\u2013 OS: Windows 11 Enterprise\n\u2013 Processor: Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-1145G7 CPU @ 2.60GHz\n\u2013 Memory available: 15.7 GB\n\u2013 Software version: Stata version 18.0 MP","technology_requirements":"~3 minutes run time","reproduction_instructions":"- Some of the data required to reproduce this project is confidential, and there is no standard procedure for accessing it. As it may be difficult for a replicator to obtain these private datasets, the package includes the outputs generated by the replicators when running the code. Additionally, the package contains a log file from the replicators\u2019 last run (logfile.log). This allows the user to access the code, understand how the authors produced the results, and verify them using the outputs and log file.\n- If users are able to gain access to the private data, they can reproduce the results by following these steps:\n  1. Change the file path in the main do-file.\n   2. Run the main do-file.","disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","license":[{"name":"Modified BSD3","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/bsd-3-clause\/"}],"contacts":[{"affiliation":"World Bank","email":"ineagu@worldbank.org","name":"Cristina Constantinescu"},{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org"}],"datasets":[{"name":"COVID-19 Business Pulse Survey","note":"Source: World Bank, EFI-FCI-TIC-Investment Climate (ETIIC). \nLocated at: Data\/GlobalBPS_clean_combined.dta. \nThe clean data file and the code used to produce the harmonized data were directly provided by the ETIIC team. This data is not publicly accessible through standard channels, but potential replicators can contact the authors at ineagu@worldbank.org for more information. A full list of the indicators included in the dataset can be found in the README file.\n\n\n","access_type":"Restricted and not included in the package"},{"name":"Mapping of BPS sector codes to ISIC codes","note":"Source: World Bank, EFI-FCI-TIC-Investment Climate (ETIIC). \nLocated at: Data\/concordance to ISIC classification.dta. \nThe clean data file and the code used to produce the harmonized data were directly provided by the ETIIC team. This data is not publicly accessible through standard channels, but potential replicators can contact the authors at ineagu@worldbank.org for more information. The indicators included in the data are Firm ID, Survey Wave, COVID survey date, Final ISIC classification, and ISIC Rev 4 classification.","access_type":"Restricted and not included in the package"},{"note":"Source: World Bank. \nThree indicators consulted:\n- GDP per capita (constant 2015 US$), direct download: https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/NY.GDP.PCAP.KD; \n- Share of individuals using internet, direct download: https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/IT.NET.USER.ZS?locations=ET\/; \n- Number of secure internet servers per 1 million people, direct download: https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/IT.NET.SECR.P6.\nLocated at: Data\/API_NY.GDP.PCAP.KD_DS2.xlsx, Internet_usage.dta, Secure_servers.dta\n","access_type":"Published with the package","name":"World Development Indicators","uri":"https:\/\/datatopics.worldbank.org\/world-development-indicators\/","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0)","license_uri":"https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/public-licenses#cc-by"},{"name":"Barro-Lee Educational Attainment Dataset ","note":"Source: Barro, Robert and Jong-Wha Lee, 2013, \u201cA New Data Set of Educational Attainment in the World, 1950-2010.\u201d Journal of Development Economics, vol 104, pp.184-198.\nIndicator used: Average years of schooling in population over the age of 25. \nLocated at: Data\/R_Data_Extract_From_Education_Statistics_Education_Attainment.xlsx. \n","access_type":"Published with the package","uri":"http:\/\/barrolee.com\/?page_id=99"},{"note":"Source: Espitia, A., A. Mattoo, N. Rocha, M. Ruta, and D.Winkler (2021). Pandemic trade: Covid-19, remote\nwork and global value chains. The World Economy. 45: 561-589. \nLocated at: Data\/Remote_labor_isic.dta. \nThe data was directly provided by the authors of the sourced paper to the authors of this reproducibility package. The dataset is included in the package. \n","access_type":"Published with the package","name":"Sectoral Amenability to Remote Work Data"},{"name":"International Standard Industrial Classification ","note":"Source: Manually constructed by the team based on the International Labor Organization (ILO), ISIC Rev 4 classification. \nLocated at: Data: Sector_categories.xlsx","access_type":"Published with the package","uri":"https:\/\/ilostat.ilo.org\/methods\/concepts-and-definitions\/classification-economic-activities\/","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.ilo.org\/rights-and-permissions#data","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0)"}]},"tags":[{"tag":"DOI"}],"schematype":"script"}