{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","abbr":"DIME","affiliation":"World Bank - Development Impact Department","role":"Verification and preparation of metadata"}],"prod_date":"2024-01-08","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"authoring_entity":[{"name":"Guillaume Zuffinetti","affiliation":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay","email":"guillaume.zuffinetti@centralesupelec.fr"},{"name":"Simon Meunier","affiliation":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9","email":"simon.meunier@centralesupelec.fr"}],"output":[{"type":"World Bank Policy Research Working Papers","description":"Policy Research Working Paper (PRWP) 10935","uri":"http:\/\/documents.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/099419309302454145\/IDU17970fd3c1b6c4148521940c1908ba81aeae1","doi":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1596\/1813-9450-10935","title":"Mapping the Risk Posed to Groundwater-Dependent Ecosystems by Uncontrolled Access to Photovoltaic Water Pumping in Sub-Saharan Africa","authors":"Guillaume Zuffinetti, Simon Meunier"}],"datasets":[{"name":"Global Horizontal Irradiance ","note":"Source: Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) Radiation Service. Access year: 2021.\nLocation: Input_data\/GHI\/ghi_2020.h5","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.tsv.soda-pro.com\/documents\/10157\/326300\/CAMS-data-license.pdf\/59241f5b-085d-4e79-bf42-1f19b0731d9f","uri":"https:\/\/www.tsv.soda-pro.com\/web-services\/radiation\/cams-radiation-service","access_type":"Included in the reproducibility package","license":"CAMS License Agreement and Privacy Statement "},{"name":"Groundwater productivity map","note":"British Geological Survey. Bonsor, H. C., & MacDonald, A. M. (2011). An initial estimate of depth to groundwater across Africa. Access year: 2022. A readme file is also provided with the dataset. The groundwater productivity map is used to obtain the transmissivity map following the rules from Table 2 from Bonsor and MacDonald (2011).\nLocation: Input_data\/Raw_data\/xyzASCII_gwprod_v1","access_type":"Included in the reproducibility package","uri":"https:\/\/www2.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/international\/africanGroundwater\/mapsDownload.html","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/legal-and-policy\/terms-of-use\/"},{"name":"Groundwater storage map","note":"British Geological Survey. MacDonald, A. M., Bonsor, H. C., Dochartaigh, B. \u00c9. \u00d3., & Taylor, R. G. (2012). Quantitative maps of groundwater resources in Africa. Environmental Research Letters, 7(2), 024009. Access year: 2022.\nLocation: Input_data\\Raw_data\\xyzASCII_gwprod_v1 ","access_type":"Included in the reproducibility package","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/legal-and-policy\/terms-of-use\/","uri":"https:\/\/www2.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/international\/africanGroundwater\/mapsDownload.html"},{"name":"Africa Water Table Depth","note":"Source: Earth2Observe. Fan, Y., Li, H., & Miguez-Macho, G. (2013). Global patterns of groundwater table depth. Science, 339(6122), 940-943. \nThe URL for this dataset no longer works, it was obtained directly by contacting the first author Y. Fan at yingfan@rci.rutgers.edu. Access year: 2022. \nLocation: Input_data\/Raw_data\/WTD.tif.","access_type":"Included in the reproducibility package","uri":"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/23430651\/"},{"name":"Reliance on unimproved water sources ","note":"Source: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. \nAccess year: 2022. \nLocation: Input_data\/Raw_data\/IHME_LMIC_WASH_2000_2017_W_UNIMP_NUMBER_UPPER_2017_Y2020M06D02. To obtain the data user can follow the link and select: Reliance on unimproved water sources > Number - 2017","access_type":"Included in the reproducibility package","uri":"https:\/\/cloud.ihme.washington.edu\/s\/bkH2X2tFQMejMxy?path=%2F"},{"name":"Groundwater in Times of Climate Change Data","note":"Source: World Bank. The Hidden Wealth of Nations: Groundwater in Times of Climate Change. \n\nLocation: \n1. Input_data\/Raw_data\/Aquifer_type.  Variable name: Alluvial; Complexe; Karstic; Shallow;\n2. Input_data\/Raw_data\/aqtyp_gwresource_grid05deg.gpkg;\n3. Input_data\/Raw_data\/GDEs;\n\nAccess year: 2022.\nDetails: The data is associated with the World Bank report, \u201cThe Hidden Wealth of Nations: Groundwater in Times of Climate Change\u201d. The report can be downloaded from the following link: https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/topic\/water\/publication\/the-hidden-wealth-of-nations-groundwater-in-times-of-climate-change. The data will be published in the upcoming weeks. \n\nThe replicators used the version of the data provided in the reproducibility package. The data is pending publication. URL will be provided once available.","access_type":"Included in the reproducibility package"}],"software":[{"name":"Matlab","version":"R2024a"},{"name":"QGIS Desktop","version":" 3.26.3"}],"scripts":[{"file_name":"RR_SSA_2024_246.zip","zip_package":"RR_SSA_2024_246.zip","title":"Reproducibility package for Mapping the Risk Posed to Groundwater-Dependent Ecosystems by Uncontrolled Access to Photovoltaic Water Pumping in Sub-Saharan Africa","date":"2025-01","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by the Development Impact (DIME) Analytics team, World Bank.","dependencies":"Matlab portion requires the Mapping Toolbox."}],"title_statement":{"idno":"RR_SSA_2024_246","title":"Reproducibility package for Mapping the Risk Posed to Groundwater-Dependent Ecosystems by Uncontrolled Access to Photovoltaic Water Pumping in Sub-Saharan Africa"},"production_date":"2024-12","abstract":"Photovoltaic-powered groundwater pumping offers a transformative solution for water services in underserved areas. However, without proper regulation, this technology could overexploit groundwater resources, threatening groundwater-dependent ecosystems (GDEs) which rely on them. Often overlooked in development planning and water allocation, GDEs yet hold significant socio-economic and environmental importance. This study maps the risk to sub-Saharan GDEs from uncontrolled access to photovoltaic groundwater pumping using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). It evaluates risks using data on irradiance, groundwater, population, and novel data on GDEs. Two scenarios are analysed to improve the robustness of the findings. Results show that 91% of sub-Saharan Africa\u2019s GDEs risk overexploitation if photovoltaic water pumping is implemented without proper controls. GDEs in southern and eastern Africa, particularly South Africa and Namibia, are found to face higher risks, while those in Gabon, Congo, and southern Nigeria tend to be less at risk. Comparing these results with populations relying on unimproved water sources highlights regions like southern Nigeria and South Sudan which could be prioritized for potential photovoltaic water pumping system investments due to their higher groundwater development needs and lower risks to GDEs. Conversely, areas like Namibia and South Africa, with lower groundwater development needs but higher risks to GDEs, should require targeted investments and very close groundwater monitoring. These findings can help policymakers in targeting investments on PVWPS and identifying regions needing careful monitoring to ensure sustainable groundwater use and minimal impact on GDEs.  ","geographic_units":[{"name":"Sub-Saharan Africa","code":"SSA","type":"Region"}],"keywords":[{"name":"Groundwater-dependent ecosystems, "},{"name":" Photovoltaic water pumping systems"},{"name":"Analytic Hierarchy Process"},{"name":"Sustainable groundwater management"},{"name":"Sub-Saharan Africa "}],"topics":[{"id":"Q25","vocabulary":"JEL Classifications","name":" Renewable Resources and Conservation: Water ","url":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","parent_id":"Q2"},{"id":"Q42","vocabulary":"JEL Classifications","name":" Alternative Energy Sources ","url":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","parent_id":"Q4"}],"language":[{"name":"English","code":"EN"}],"data_statement":"All data sources are publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","repository_uri":[{"name":"Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank)","uri":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org"}],"technology_environment":"Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:\n\u2013 OS: Windows 10 Enterprise\n\u2013 Processor: Intel(R) Xeon(R) Gold 6226R CPU @ 2.90GHz   2.90 GHz  (2 processors)\n\u2013 Memory available: 32 GB\n\u2013 Software version: Matlab 2024a, QGIS 3.38 (replicators), QGIS 3.26.3 (authors)","technology_requirements":"~ 60 minutes","reproduction_instructions":"To successfully run this package, follow these steps:\n1. **Run `getGHI` code in MatLab**  \n2. **Run the QGIS Project: `Map_construction`**  \n   - Open the project `Map_construction` with QGIS and run the model. Further details are provided in the README file.  \n   -  **Note:**  During replication, some figures were not fully reproducible when this step was run, due to discrepancies in QGIS versions between the authors and the replicators. While the numerical differences were not drastic, they did impact the figures. The authors used version 3.26.3 of QGIS and the replicators verified that the differences were due only to the difference in version. Users should expect to replicate results if using QGIS version 3.26.3, but may find discrepancies if using later versions. This step does not need to be run, as the data generated by this step is already provided in the package. For more details, please refer to the reproducibility report and the README file.\n3. **Run `Main_AHP` in MatLab**  \n4. **Run the QGIS Project: `Plot_results`**  Open the project `Plot_results` with QGIS and follow the point-and-click instructions detailed in the README file.\n\n","disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/the World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","license":[{"name":"Modified BSD3","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/bsd-3-clause\/"}],"contacts":[{"name":"Guillaume Zuffinetti","email":"guillaume.zuffinetti@centralesupelec.fr","affiliation":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay"},{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org"}]},"tags":[{"tag":"DOI"},{"tag":"Open code"},{"tag":"Open data"}],"schematype":"script"}