{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","abbr":"DIME","affiliation":"World Bank - Development Impact Department","role":"Verification and preparation of metadata"}],"prod_date":"2025-01-28","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"authoring_entity":[{"name":"Megan Lang","affiliation":"World Bank ","email":"mlang@worldbank.org"}],"output":[{"type":"Working Paper","title":"Decentralized Markets for Electricity in Low-Income Countries","authors":"Megan Lang","description":"Policy Research Working Paper (PRWP)"}],"datasets":[{"name":"BBOXX Ltd Administrative Data","note":"Source: BBOXX Ltd\nFilenames:  \"Integration_Dates.csv\", \"cust_prod.csv\", \"cuts.csv\", \"alt_dr.csv\", \"phases.cvs\"\nThis data contains customer-level data on system size adopted, date of adoption, the prefecture where the customer lived at the time of adoption, and the dates that each prefecture became eligible for the subsidy. See README for more details.","access_type":"Data is restricted and has not been included in the reproducibility package.","uri":"https:\/\/www.bboxx.com\/"},{"name":"Harmonized Survey on Households Living Standards (2018-2019)","note":"Source: World Bank Microdata Library\nLocated at: \\Data\\TGO_2018_EHCVM_v02_M_Stata\\\nUsers must log in, download the files mentioned in the README, and save them in the folder 'TGO_2018_EHCVM_v02_M_Stata'","access_type":"Data is publicly available but cannot be redistributed in the reproducibility package.","uri":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48529\/ww9z-d865"}],"software":[{"name":"R","version":"4.3.2"}],"scripts":[{"file_name":"RR_TGO_2025_266","zip_package":"RR_TGO_2025_266.zip","title":"Reproducibility package for Decentralized Markets for Electricity in Low-Income Countries","date":"2025-01","dependencies":"All dependencies are included in the file renv.lock.","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by the Development Impact (DIME) Analytics team, World Bank."}],"title_statement":{"idno":"RR_TGO_2025_266","title":"Reproducibility package for Decentralized Markets for Electricity in Low-Income Countries"},"production_date":"2025-01","abstract":"Governments in low-income countries are increasingly integrating off-grid electricity provision into national electrification strategies, creating novel, decentralized markets for electricity. I study a highly decentralized product that plays an important role in energy access: pay as you go (PAYGo) solar home systems. Unlike grid electrification, PAYGo solar features low upfront costs but relatively high usage costs. To what extent are high intensive margin prices limiting the adoption of solar home systems? In 2019, the Togolese government implemented a large subsidy reducing usage costs by 17.8%-41.7%, while upfront costs remained constant. I estimate that the subsidy dramatically increased adoption, with the largest effects occurring for the smallest systems (240% increase). I go on to develop a theoretical framework that shows that the effects of such subsidies are uncertain due to the unique cost structure of decentralized solar electricity. My results highlight the importance of use prices in the electrification decisions of low-income households.","geographic_units":[{"name":"Togo","code":"TGO","type":"Country"}],"keywords":[{"name":"electrification"},{"name":"decentralized electricity "},{"name":"provision"},{"name":"renewable energy"}],"topics":[{"id":"O2","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","uri":" https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","name":"Development Planning and Policy"},{"id":"Q2","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","uri":" https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","name":"Renewable Resources and Conservation"},{"id":"Q4","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","uri":" https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","name":"Energy"}],"language":[{"name":"English","code":"EN"}],"data_statement":"Some data is restricted and has not been included in the reproducibility package. For more details, please refer to the README file.","repository_uri":[{"name":"Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank)","uri":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org"}],"reproduction_instructions":"Users will not be able to fully reproduce the results of the study as most of the data is restricted. The author accessed the data through a data sharing agreement with BBOXX Ltd.\nThe reproducibility package contains partial data and will not execute fully without access to the complete data files. However, it includes the code and outputs to demonstrate the process followed by the authors to achieve their findings.","technology_requirements":"~ 30 minutes","technology_environment":"Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:\n\u2022 OS: Windows 10 Enterprise, version 22H2\n\u2022 Processor: Intel(R) Xeon(R) Gold 6132 CPU @ 2.60GHz 2.60 GHz (2 processors)\n\u2022 Memory available: 128 GB\n\u2022 Software version: R 4.3.2","disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/the World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","license":[{"name":"Modified BSD3","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/bsd-3-clause\/"}],"contacts":[{"email":"mlang@worldbank.org","affiliation":"World Bank","name":"Megan Lang"},{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org"}]},"tags":[{"tag":"DOI"},{"tag":"Limited-access data"},{"tag":"Open code"}],"schematype":"script"}