{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"affiliation":"World Bank - Development Impact Department","role":"Verification and preparation of metadata","name":"Reproducibility WBG","abbr":"DIME"}],"prod_date":"2025-02-18","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"software":[{"name":"Python","version":"3.12.5"}],"language":[{"name":"English","code":"EN"}],"disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","title_statement":{"title":"Reproducibility package for Concentration of critical mining assets and the geoeconomic fragmentation","idno":"RR_WLD_2025_268"},"production_date":"2025-02-18","abstract":"The geographical concentration of mines supplying critical minerals has recently been studied, but much less attention has been given to the concentration of ownership of mining assets. This research investigates market concentration in critical minerals production by incorporating geographical location, direct, and financial ownership structures of mining assets. Using data from Standard and Poor\u2019s, the study reveals that while production of critical minerals is geographically concentrated in groups of countries that vary with each mineral, direct and especially equity ownership are mainly controlled by large multinational mining companies and financial institutions concentrated in leading economies. The findings emphasize the geopolitical risks posed by these concentrated ownership structures, which could affect the effectiveness of policies aimed at securing mineral supply chains for green technologies.","output":[{"type":"Working Paper","description":"Policy Research Working Papers (PRWP)","title":"Concentration of critical mining assets and the geoeconomic fragmentation"}],"license":[{"uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/bsd-3-clause\/","name":"Modified BSD3"}],"geographic_units":[{"name":"World","code":"WLD"}],"contacts":[{"name":"Hugo Lapeyronie","affiliation":"World Bank and Universit\u00e9 Paris 1 Panth\u00e9on Sorbonne","email":"hlapeyronie@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org"}],"authoring_entity":[{"name":"Hugo Lapeyronie","affiliation":"World Bank and Universit\u00e9 Paris 1 Panth\u00e9on Sorbonne","email":"hlapeyronie@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Etienne Espagne","affiliation":"World Bank and Universit\u00e9 Clermont-Auvergne","email":"eespagne@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Gregor Semieniuk","affiliation":"World Bank and University of Massachusetts Amherst","email":"gsemieniuk@worldbank.org"}],"data_statement":"Some data is restricted and has not been included in the reproducibility package. For more details, please refer to the README file.","scripts":[{"notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DIME) Analytics team, World Bank.","title":"Reproducibility package for Concentration of critical mining assets and the geoeconomic fragmentation","date":"2025-02-18","file_name":"RR_WLD_2025_268","zip_package":"RR_WLD_2025_268.zip","dependencies":"All dependencies are listed in the file environment.yml."}],"repository_uri":[{"name":"Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank)","uri":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org"}],"datasets":[{"name":"Global Trade Alert Database","note":"Source: Global Trade Alert. Dataset version: 2008. Data file: \"Dataset\/GTA\/GTA+Database+2008-latest.Rdata\". This file contains the data as it was downloaded from the data URL in July 2024. As of February 2025, the site of the data URL changed and doesn't allow to download this file. Nonetheless, the data is included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license","license_uri":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/","uri":"https:\/\/www.old.globaltradealert.org\/data_extraction","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package."},{"name":"United Nations General Assembly Voting Data","note":"Source: Harvard Dataverse. Dataset version: 32. Data file: \"Dataset\/Geopolitical Distance\/UNVotes_new.RData\". The file was accessed from the data URL on July 2024 and was renamed from \"UNVotes.RData\" to \"UNVotes_new.RData\".","uri":"https:\/\/dataverse.harvard.edu\/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910\/DVN\/LEJUQZ&version=32.0","license":"CC0 1.0 Universal","license_uri":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package."},{"name":"Critical Minerals Policy Tracker","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license","license_uri":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","uri":"https:\/\/www.iea.org\/data-and-statistics\/data-tools\/critical-minerals-policy-tracker","note":"Source: International Energy Agency. Data file: \"Dataset\/iea_policies.json\". Data was accessed in July 2024. The data was obtained from the data URL and saved in a JSON file via web scraping."},{"name":"Trade codes of non-food, non-fuel raw materials and their products","uri":"https:\/\/publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu\/repository\/handle\/JRC136041","note":"Source: European Commission. Data file: \"Dataset\/Trade codes\/Trade_codes_HS.xlsx\". Data was accessed in July 2024. All the data were extracted manually from the PDF file of the data URL and saved into the data file.","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license_uri":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"name":"S&P Capital IQ Pro - Mining Database","uri":"https:\/\/www.spglobal.com\/marketintelligence\/en\/campaigns\/metals-mining","access_type":"There is no documented way to access the data, and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","note":"Source: S&P Global. Data files: all files loaded by the code from the folder \"Dataset\/S&P\/\". The data contains information on global mining projects, mining assets and reserves by country, mining companies, production by project and company, and market concentration by mining asset. Data was purchased in November 2023."}],"technology_requirements":"Runtime: 2 hours.","technology_environment":"Paper exhibits were reproduced in a computer with the following specifications:\n\u2013 OS: Windows 10 Enterprise, version 22H2\n\u2013 Processor: Intel(R) Xeon(R) Gold 6226R CPU @ 2.90GHz 2.90 GHz (2 processors)\n\u2013 Memory available: 128 GB\n\u2013 Software version: Python 3.12.5","reproduction_instructions":"1. **Secure Access to Data:** Some data required for replication is not publicly available and needs to be purchased. \n2. **Download and Place Data:** Once the data is obtained, users should download it and place it in the appropriate folder.\n3. **Run the Package:** After placing the data in the folder:\n    - (optional) Recreate the Python programming environment in conda using \"environment.yml\". Running the code with a different environment will still work, but the chances of full reproducibility will be higher using the same environment.\n    - Run the script named \"Core\".\n\nSince some of the data is not publicly available, the package includes the code outputs in the folder \"Graphs\" and \"Tables\", which contain the replicators' results. This file can be used to review the results presented in the paper."},"tags":[{"tag":"DOI"},{"tag":"Open code"},{"tag":"Restricted data"}],"schematype":"script"}