{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","abbr":"DIME","affiliation":"World Bank - Development Impact Department","role":"Verification and preparation of metadata"}],"prod_date":"2025-03-17","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"authoring_entity":[{"name":"Pierre Bachas","affiliation":"World Bank and EU Tax Observatory","email":"pbachas@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Anne Brockmeyer","affiliation":"IFS, UCL, World Bank and CEPR","email":"abrockmeyer@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Roel Dom","affiliation":"University of Antwerp and World Bank","email":"roel.dom@uantwerpen.be"},{"name":"Camille Semelet","affiliation":"University of Munich, ifo Institute and World Bank","email":"semelet@ifo.de"},{"name":"Santiago Rodrigo Cesteros","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"scesteros@worldbank.org"}],"title_statement":{"title":"Reproducibility package for Effective Tax Rates, Firm Size And The Global Minimum Tax","idno":"RR_WLD_2025_281"},"datasets":[{"name":"Corporate tax data - Albania","note":"Source: General Directorate of Taxation (DPT). Data files from this data source are specified in the README. Data was accessed in May 2020.","access_type":"There is no documented way to access the data, and it is not included in the reproducibility package. See README for more information."},{"name":"Corporate tax data - Colombia","note":"Source: Direcci\u00f3n de Impuestos y Aduanas Nacionales (DIAN). Data files from this data source are specified in the README. Data was accessed in July 2024.","access_type":"There is no documented way to access the data, and it is not included in the reproducibility package. See README for more information."},{"name":"Corporate tax data - Costa Rica","note":"Source: Ministerio de Hacienda. Data files from this data source are specified in the README. Data was accessed in August 2021.","access_type":"There is no documented way to access the data, and it is not included in the reproducibility package. See README for more information."},{"name":"Corporate tax data - Dominican Republic","note":"Source: Direcci\u00f3n General de Impuestos Internos (DGII). Data files from this data source are specified in the README. Data was accessed in November 2019.","access_type":"There is no documented way to access the data, and it is not included in the reproducibility package. See README for more information."},{"name":"Corporate tax data - Ecuador","note":"Source: Servicio de Rentas Internas (SRI). Data files from this data source are specified in the README. Data was accessed in August 2018.","access_type":"There is no documented way to access the data, and it is not included in the reproducibility package. See README for more information."},{"name":"Corporate tax data - Eswatini","note":"Source: Eswatini Revenue Service (ERS). Data files from this data source are specified in the README. Data was accessed in July 2020.","access_type":"There is no documented way to access the data, and it is not included in the reproducibility package. See README for more information."},{"name":"Corporate tax data - Ethiopia","note":"Source: Ethiopian Revenues and Customs Authority (ERCA). Data files from this data source are specified in the README. Data was accessed in June 2018.","access_type":"There is no documented way to access the data, and it is not included in the reproducibility package. See README for more information."},{"name":"Corporate tax data - Greece","note":"Source: Independent Authority for Public Revenue (IAPR). Data files from this data source are specified in the README. Data was accessed in January 2021.","access_type":"There is no documented way to access the data, and it is not included in the reproducibility package. See README for more information."},{"name":"Corporate tax data - Guatemala","note":"Source: Superintendencia de Administraci\u00f3n Tributaria (SAT). Data files from this data source are specified in the README. Data was accessed in February 2016.","access_type":"There is no documented way to access the data, and it is not included in the reproducibility package. See README for more information."},{"name":"Corporate tax data - Honduras","note":"Source: Servicio de Administraci\u00f3n de Rentas (SAR). Data files from this data source are specified in the README. Data was accessed in April 2022.","access_type":"There is no documented way to access the data, and it is not included in the reproducibility package. See README for more information."},{"name":"Corporate tax data - Jamaica","note":"Source: Tax Administration Jamaica (TAJ). Data files from this data source are specified in the README. Data was accessed in April 2024.","access_type":"There is no documented way to access the data, and it is not included in the reproducibility package. See README for more information."},{"name":"Corporate tax data - Mexico","note":"Source: Servicio de Administraci\u00f3n Tributaria (SAT). Data files from this data source are specified in the README. Data was accessed in November 2018.","access_type":"There is no documented way to access the data, and it is not included in the reproducibility package. See README for more information."},{"name":"Corporate tax data - Rwanda","note":"Source: Rwanda Revenue Authority (RRA). Data files from this data source are specified in the README. Data was accessed in June 2021.","access_type":"There is no documented way to access the data, and it is not included in the reproducibility package. See README for more information."},{"name":"Corporate tax data - Senegal","note":"Source: Directorate General of Taxes and Domains (DGID). Data files from this data source are specified in the README. Data was accessed in April 2021.","access_type":"There is no documented way to access the data, and it is not included in the reproducibility package. See README for more information."},{"name":"Corporate tax data - South Africa","note":"Source: South African Revenue Service (SARS). Data files from this data source are specified in the README. Data was accessed in October 2022.","access_type":"There is no documented way to access the data, and it is not included in the reproducibility package. See README for more information."},{"name":"Corporate tax data - Uganda","note":"Source: Uganda Revenue Authority (URA). Data files from this data source are specified in the README. Data was accessed in June 2020.","access_type":"There is no documented way to access the data, and it is not included in the reproducibility package. See README for more information."},{"name":"Orbis","note":"Source: Moody's. Orbis is a dataset with data on private companies' ownership, investments, and mergers and acquisitions. Data files from this data source are specified in the README. Data was accessed in October 2025.","uri":"https:\/\/www.moodys.com\/web\/en\/us\/capabilities\/company-reference-data\/orbis.html","access_type":"Data access requires purchase and is not included in the reproducibility package.","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.moodys.com\/web\/en\/us\/legal\/terms-of-use.html"},{"name":"Exchange Rates from the OECD","note":"Source: OECD. Data files from this data source are specified in the README. Data was accessed in December 2024 (except for data for Greece which was accessed in July 2024).","uri":"https:\/\/stats.oecd.org\/","access_type":"Data is publicly available in the data URL but it is not included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Creative Commons Attribution BY 4.0 licence","license_uri":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"name":"OECD Country-by-Country Reporting (CbCR) for Tax Purposes","note":"Source: OECD. Data files from this data source are specified in the README. Data was accessed in March 2024.","uri":"https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/tax\/beps\/country-by-country-reporting.htm","access_type":"Data is publicly available in the data URL but it is not included in the reproducibility package.","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/en\/about\/terms-conditions.html"},{"name":"Total Number of Firms by country from the World Bank Entrepreneurship Database","note":"Source: World Bank. Data files from this data source are specified in the README. Data was accessed in October 2024.","uri":"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/programs\/entrepreneurship\/total-number-of-firms","access_type":"Data is publicly available in the data URL but it is not included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0) with additional terms specified in the license URL","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/about\/legal\/terms-of-use-for-datasets"},{"name":"World Inequality Database","note":"Source: World Inequality Database. Indicators used: gross operating surplus and mixed income for all ages and individuals. Data files from this data source are specified in the README. Data was accessed in October 2024.","uri":"https:\/\/wid.world\/data\/","access_type":"Data is publicly available in the data URL but it is not included in the reproducibility package."},{"name":"Global Tax Expenditures Database (GTED)","note":"Source: GTED. Indicators used: revenue forgone (USD) and revenue forgone from corporate income tax (percentage). Data files from this data source are specified in the README. Data was accessed in September 2023.","uri":"https:\/\/gted.taxexpenditures.org\/data-download\/","access_type":"Data is publicly available in the data URL but it is not included in the reproducibility package."},{"name":"IMF World Revenue Longitudinal Data (WoRLD)","note":"Source: International Monetary Fund. Data files from this data source are specified in the README. Data was accessed in September 2023.","access_type":"Data is publicly available in the data URL but it is not included in the reproducibility package.","uri":"https:\/\/prosperitydata360.worldbank.org\/en\/dataset\/IMF+WoRLD","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/copyright-and-terms#data"},{"name":"UNU-WIDER Government Revenue Dataset","note":"Source: United Nations University World Institute for Development. Data files from this data source are specified in the README. Data was accessed in March 2023.","uri":"https:\/\/www.wider.unu.edu\/project\/grd-government-revenue-dataset","access_type":"Data is publicly available in the data URL but it is not included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO","license_uri":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/3.0\/igo\/"},{"name":"Harmonized tax revenue data from Bachas et al. (2022)","note":"Source: \"How has globalization affected the taxation of labor and capital incomes?\" by Pierre Bachas, Matthew Fisher-Post, Anders Jensen, and Gabriel Zucman. Data files from this data source are specified in the README. Data was accessed in February 2023.","uri":"https:\/\/globaltaxation.world\/","access_type":"Data is publicly available in the data URL but it is not included in the reproducibility package."},{"name":"World Development Indicators","note":"Source: World Bank. Indicators: population, inflation, exchange rates, GDP per capita. Data files from this data source are specified in the README. Data was accessed in December 2024.","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0) with additional terms specified in the license URL","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/about\/legal\/terms-of-use-for-datasets","uri":"https:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/source\/world-development-indicators","access_type":"Data is publicly available in the data URL but it is not included in the reproducibility package."}],"data_statement":"Some data is restricted and has not been included in the reproducibility package. For more details, please refer to the README file.","software":[{"name":"R","version":"4.4.2"},{"name":"Stata","version":"16.1 MP"}],"scripts":[{"title":"Reproducibility package for Effective Tax Rates, Firm Size And The Global Minimum Tax","date":"2025-03","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DIME) Analytics team, World Bank.","file_name":"RR_WLD_2025_281","zip_package":"RR_WLD_2025_281.zip","dependencies":"R dependencies are listed in the file renv.lock. Stata dependencies are listed in the ado folder."}],"repository_uri":[{"name":"Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank)","uri":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org"}],"production_date":"2025-03-17","abstract":"We document new facts on corporate taxation and the revenue potential of corporate minimum taxes, leveraging firm-level tax returns from 16 countries. First, effective taxes rates (ETRs) follow a humped-shaped pattern with firm size: small firms beneit from reduced rates, while large firms take up tax incentives, leaving mid-sized firms with the highest ETRs. On average, the ETR for the largest 1% of firms is 2.2 percentage points lower than the average ETR for top decile firms. Second, althoug statutory tax rates are above 15% in all sample countries, over a quarter of top firms face an ETR below 15%, challenging the simple tax haven vs non-haven dichotomy. Third, a simple 15% domestic minimum tax for the top 1% firms could raise corporae taxes by 14% on average across countries, absent behavioral responses. In contrast, the global minimum top-up tax would only raise a quarter of this revenue due to its generous deductions and a smaller number of firms in scope.","geographic_units":[{"name":"World","code":"WLD"}],"output":[{"type":"PRWP Working Paper","description":"Policy Research Working Papers (PRWP)","title":"Effective Tax Rates, Firm Size And The Global Minimum Tax","authors":"Pierre Bachas, Anne Brockmeyer, Roel Dom, Camille Semelet","uri":"http:\/\/documents.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/099225003242534123"}],"language":[{"name":"English","code":"EN"}],"disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","license":[{"name":"Modified BSD3","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/bsd-3-clause\/"}],"contacts":[{"name":"Santiago Rodrigo Cesteros","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"scesteros@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org"}],"technology_requirements":"Runtime: 2 hours","technology_environment":"Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:\n\u2013 OS: Windows Server 2016 Standard\n\u2013 Processor: Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E7-4890 v2 @ 2.80GHz 2.79 GHz (8 processors)\n\u2013 Memory available: 128 GB\n\u2013 Software version: R 4.4.2, Stata 16.1 MP","reproduction_instructions":"1. **Access to data:** There is no documented way to access the corporate tax data, and one dataset (Orbis) requires purchase. No portion of the code can run without the restricted datasets. See the README and the Datasets section for details.\n2. **Download and place data:** Once the data is obtained, users should put it in the appropriate folders.\n3. **Run the code:** After placing the data in the folder:\n    - Open to do-files \"0_master_cleaning\", \"2_4_GMT_output\", and \"Code_FA2\" and update the path globals in lines 41, 11, and 17 respectively\n    - Open the script \"0_master_ETR_GMT.R\"\n    - Update the variable `project` in line 154\n    - Update the path to the Stata executable in line 246\n    - Run the script\n\nSince not all the data is accessible, the package includes the results produced by replicators in the folder \"output\/figures\" and \"output\/tables\". These files can be used to review the results presented in the paper."},"tags":[{"tag":"DOI"},{"tag":"Open Code"},{"tag":"Restricted Data"}],"schematype":"script"}