{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","abbr":"DIME","affiliation":"World Bank - Development Impact Department","role":"Verification and preparation of metadata"}],"prod_date":"2025-03-18","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"authoring_entity":[{"name":"Klaus Deininger","email":"kdeininger@worldbank.org","affiliation":"World Bank"},{"name":"Julian Arteaga","email":"jgarteagav@gmail.com","affiliation":"World Bank"}],"output":[{"type":"Working Paper","title":"Yield Gains from Balancing Fertilizer Use:  Evidence from Eastern India","authors":"Julian Arteaga, Klaus Deininger","description":"Policy Research Working Paper WPS11134","uri":"http:\/\/documents.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/099743205282518627","doi":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1596\/1813-9450-11134"}],"datasets":[{"name":"Farmer-level surveys (2017-2019) ","uri":"https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/11529\/10549105","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","note":"Source: Cereal Systems Initiative for South Asia (CSISA)\nFilenames: NUE_survey_dataset_v2.csv, NUE_survey_dataset.csv, Variable_Details_v2.csv, Variable_Details.csv.","license":"CC0 1.0","license_uri":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"},{"name":"Crop Cultivation Surveys (CCS)","note":"Source: Department of Agriculture in India\nFilenames: P2006-07.xls, P2007-08.xls, P2008-09.xls, P2009-10.xls, P2010-11.xls, P2011-12.xls, P2012-13.xls, P2013-14.xls, P2014-15.xls, P2015-16.xls, P2016-17.xls, P2017-18.xlsx, P2018-19.xlsx, P2019-20.xlsx, P2020-21.xlsx, P2021-22.xlsx, selected_villages_2011_14.xls, selected_villages_2014_17.xlsx, selected_villages_2017_20.xlsx, selected_villages_2020_23.xlsx\n\nNote: The URL mentioned below is only accessible through an Indian VPN connection","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","uri":"https:\/\/eands.da.gov.in\/Plot-Level-Summary-Data.htm"},{"name":"Village-level Shapefiles and Administrative Codes ","note":"Source: Socioeconomic high-resolution Rural-Urban Geographic Platform for India (SHRUG)\nFilenames: village_modified.cpg, village_modified.dbf, village_modified.prj, village_modified.shx, shrid_loc_names.dta, shrid1_shrid2_key.dta, shrid2_spatial_stats.dta, viirs_2023_7_5_500_ua_shrid2_key.dta.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package."},{"name":"Location of all major international ports in India","note":"Source: Manual on Port Statistics (2015)\nFilenames: seaport location MANUAL 2015.pdf, major_port_locations.csv, major_port_locations.xlsx.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","uri":"https:\/\/shipmin.gov.in\/sites\/default\/files\/MANUAL%202015.pdf"},{"name":"Location of all major urea manufacturing plants in India","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","note":"Source: Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers (Lok Sabha)\nFilenames: fertilizer_manufacturing_plants_location.csv, fertilizer_manufacturing_plants_location.xlsx, fertilizer_manufacturing_plants_location_ureaonly.csv.","uri":"https:\/\/sansad.in\/getFile\/loksabhaquestions\/annex\/179\/AU2172.pdf?source=pqals"},{"name":"Minimum road distance between sample villages ","note":"Source: Open Source Routing Machine (OSRM)\nFilenames: major_ports.cpg, major_ports.dbf, major_ports.prj, major_ports.qmd, major_ports.shp, major_ports.shx, route_plant_ccsvill.dbf, route_plant_ccsvill.prj, route_plant_ccsvill.shp, route_plant_ccsvill.shx, route_plant_nuevill.dbf, route_plant_nuevill.prj, route_plant_nuevill.shp, route_plant_nuevill.shx, route_ports_ccsvill.dbf, route_ports_ccsvill.prj, route_ports_ccsvill.shp, route_ports_ccsvill.shx, route_ports_nuevill.dbf, route_ports_nuevill.prj, route_ports_nuevill.shp, route_ports_nuevill.shx, urea_plants.cpg, urea_plants.dbf, urea_plants.prj, urea_plants.qmd, urea_plants.shp, urea_plants.shx, India_Country_Boundary.cpg, India_State_Boundary.dbf, India_Country_Boundary.dbf, India_State_Boundary.prj, India_Country_Boundary.prj, India_State_Boundary.sbn, India_Country_Boundary.sbn, India_State_Boundary.sbx, India_Country_Boundary.sbx, India_State_Boundary.shp, India_Country_Boundary.shp, India_State_Boundary.shp.xml, India_Country_Boundary.shp.xml, India_State_Boundary.shx, India_Country_Boundary.shx, India_State_Boundary.cpg.","uri":"https:\/\/project-osrm.org\/","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package."},{"name":"Fertilizer Application Rates","note":"Source: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) Tata-Cornell Institute (TCI) District-Level Database (DLD) \nFilenames: crop-production-district_unapportioned.csv, fertilizer-consumption-district_until2016.csv, fertilizer-consumption-national.xlsx, fertilizer-consumption-state.xlsx, land-use-district_unapportioned.csv, land-utilization-national.xlsx.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","uri":"http:\/\/data.icrisat.org\/dld\/index.html","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license"},{"name":"Production and consumption of fertilizers ","note":"Source: Fertilizer Association of India (FAI)\nFilenames: con-npk.xlsx prodn-np.xlsx\n","uri":"https:\/\/www.faidelhi.org\/statistics\/statistical-database","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package."},{"name":"Baseline Survey data from Rejuvenating Watersheds for Agricultural Resilience through Innovative Development (REWARD)","note":"Source: Rejuvenating Watersheds for Agricultural Resilience through Innovative Development (REWARD)\nFilenames: reward_estimation_sample_allvars.dta","uri":"https:\/\/rewardiiswc.in\/about_reward.php","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package."}],"software":[{"name":"Stata","version":"18 MP"},{"name":"R","version":"4.4"},{"name":"Python","version":"3.11"}],"scripts":[{"file_name":"RR_IND_2025_295","zip_package":"RR_IND_2025_295","title":"Reproducibility package for Yield Gains from Balancing Fertilizer Use:  Evidence from Eastern India","date":"2025-04","dependencies":"All dependencies for the Stata code are included in the \"ado\" folder, for the R script in the \"renv.lock\" file, and for the Python code in the \"requirements.txt\" file.","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by the Development Impact (DIME) Analytics team, World Bank."}],"title_statement":{"idno":"RR_IND_2025_295","title":"Reproducibility package for Yield Gains from Balancing Fertilizer Use: Evidence from Eastern India"},"production_date":"2025-04-25","geographic_units":[{"name":"India","code":"IND","type":"Country"}],"language":[{"name":"English","code":"EN"}],"data_statement":"All data sources are publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","reproduction_instructions":"To successfully reproduce the analysis, please follow these steps:\n\n1. **Download** the package and execute the scripts in the order indicated by their numbering and as specified in `master` dofile.\n\n2. In the `master` dofile, **run** the following:\n   - `_1_import_surveys.do`\n   - `_2_build_nue_survey_onlyindia_cln.do`  \n   (starting at line 42)\n\n3. **Install** the Python environment using the `requirements.txt` file, and **run**:\n   - `_3_import_shrug_village_boundaries.py`\n   - `_4_assign_villagenames_to_plotcoords.py`\n\n4. **Run** `_5_build_nue_survey_onlyindia_villcoords.do`  \n   (starting at line 64 of `master` dofile).\n\n5. **Open** `FertBalance_replic.Rproj` and **run**:\n   - `_6_compute_road_dist_nue_vill.r`\n\n6. **Run** lines 80\u2013107 of `master` dofile, which will execute:\n   - `_7_build_distance_ratio_nue_vill_iv.do`\n   - `_8_build_nue_estsample_allvars.do`\n   - `_9_import_ccs_surveys_tehsils.do`\n   - `_10_build_ccs_tehsil_coords.do`\n\n7. **Open** `FertBalance_replic.Rproj` and **run**:\n   - `_11_compute_road_dist_ccs_vill.r`\n\n8. **Run** lines 123\u2013163 of `master` to execute:\n   - `_12_build_road_distance_ratio_ccs_vill_iv.do`\n   - `_13_build_ccs_estsample_allvars.do`\n   - `_14_import_ccs_allstates_2006_20_plot_lvl.do`\n   - `_15_build_ccs_allstates_2006_22_plot_hh_lvl.do`\n   - `_16_build_crop_n_rates_touse.do`\n   - `_17_import_national_npk_prod_cons_1950_2022.do`\n\n9. **Open** `FertBalance_replic.Rproj` and **run**:\n   - `figure_1.R`\n\n10. **Run** lines 181 to the end of `master` dofile.\n\n---\n\nAll outputs will be generated in the `out` folder.\n","technology_requirements":"~1 hour runtime","technology_environment":"Paper exhibits were reproduced in a computer with the following specifications:\n\u2022 OS: Windows 11 Enterprise, version 21H2\n\u2022 Processor: Intel(R) Xeon(R) Gold 6226R CPU @ 2.90GHz, 16 Core(s)\n\u2022 Memory available: 15.7 GB\n\u2022 Software version: Stata 18, R 4.3, Python 3.11","disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","license":[{"name":"Modified BSD3","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/bsd-3-clause\/"}],"contacts":[{"email":"jgarteagav@gmail.com","name":" Julian Arteaga","affiliation":"World Bank"},{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org"}],"abstract":"As with most agricultural inputs, the optimal use of fertilizer leverages the production complementarities between different types of nutrients. Wide variation in the intensity of nutrient application rates suggests there are potentially large productivity gains to be had from rebalancing fertilizer use across nutrient types even under a fixed expenditure budget. Using detailed information on a large sample of rice fields across three states of eastern India, this paper investigates if a more balanced use of fertilizer\u2014measured as the ratio of Potash to Nitrogen applied to a field\u2014can lead to higher yields and revenues. To address the endogeneity of fertilizer application decisions, we exploit the fact that nitrogen-based fertilizers demanded by Indian farmers are mostly produced domestically in a limited number of manufacturing plants, while all potash-based fertilizers must be imported by ship from abroad. Instrumenting for the ratio of K-to-N fertilizer applied on a field with the relative travel distances between farmer\u2019s villages and both the nearest urea production plant and the nearest international port, we estimate the impact of more balanced fertilizer use on yields and revenues. We estimate that, at median levels of fertilizer use, and keeping the level of expenditure in fertilizers constant, rebalancing fertilizer application choices such that the K-to-N ratio of fertilizer is doubled would lead to a 4.8% increase in yield. "},"tags":[{"tag":"DOI"},{"tag":"Open code"},{"tag":"Open data"}],"schematype":"script"}