{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","abbr":"DIME","affiliation":"World Bank - Development Impact Department","role":"Verification and preparation of metadata"}],"prod_date":"2025-05-30","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"authoring_entity":[{"name":"Paul Andres Corral Rodas","affiliation":"The World Bank Group","email":"pcorralrodas@worldbank.org"}],"title_statement":{"title":"Reproducibility package for When Aggregation Misleads: Bias In Unit-Level Small Area Estimates Of Poverty With Aggregate Data","idno":"RR_WLD_2025_364"},"data_statement":"The package does not rely on external data, as the scripts generate the necessary data through simulations.","software":[{"name":"Stata","version":"18 MP"},{"name":"Excel"},{"name":"Tableau","version":"2025.1"}],"scripts":[{"title":"Reproducibility package for When Aggregation Misleads: Bias In Unit-Level Small Area Estimates Of Poverty With Aggregate Data","date":"2025-05","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DIME) Analytics team, World Bank.","instructions":"See README in reproducibility package.","file_name":"RR_WLD_2025_364","zip_package":"RR_WLD_2025_364.zip","dependencies":"Stata dependencies are listed in the ado folder."}],"repository_uri":[{"name":"Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank)","uri":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org"}],"production_date":"2025-05","abstract":"This paper explores why small area poverty estimates from models at the household level that only use aggregate data as covariates, exhibit systematic bias. The analysis demonstrates that this bias stems from the model\u2019s inability to capture the compete between-household variation in welfare, as they rely solely on covariates aggregated at geographic levels. Through model-based simulations, the paper shows that the bias in these models is minimized when the empirical variability of simulated wefare based on the model is closest to the true empirical variance of welfare at the area level. This finding also has implications for bias in unit-level models.","geographic_units":[{"name":"World","code":"WLD","type":"Region"}],"keywords":[{"name":"Small Area Estimation"},{"name":"Poverty Mapping"},{"name":"Satellite Imagery"},{"name":"Census"},{"name":"Official Statistics"}],"topics":[{"id":"C13","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Estimation: General","parent_id":"C1"},{"id":" C55","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Large Data Sets: Modeling and Analysis","parent_id":"C5"},{"id":" C87","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Econometric Software","parent_id":"C8"},{"id":" C15","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Statistical Simulation Methods: General","parent_id":"C1"}],"output":[{"type":"World Bank Policy Research Working Papers","description":"Policy Research Working Papers (PRWP)","title":"When Aggregation Misleads: Bias In Unit-Level Small Area Estimates Of Poverty With Aggregate Data"}],"language":[{"name":"English","code":"EN"}],"technology_requirements":"~ 48 hours","disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","license":[{"name":"Modified BSD3","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/bsd-3-clause\/"}],"contacts":[{"name":"Paul Andres Corral Rodas","affiliation":"The World Bank Group","email":"pcorralrodas@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org"}],"reproduction_instructions":"Update the global in line 14 and run the main do-file.","technology_environment":"Paper exhibits were reproduced in a computer with the following specifications:\n\u2022 OS: Windows 11 Enterprise\n\u2022 Processor: Intel(R) Xeon(R) Gold 6226R CPU @ 2.90GHz, 2900 Mhz, 8 Core(s), 8 Logical Processor(s)\n\u2022 Memory available: 119 GB\n\u2022 Software version: Stata 18.0 MP"},"tags":[{"tag":"DOI"},{"tag":"Open Code"},{"tag":"Open Data"}],"schematype":"script"}