{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","abbr":"DIME","affiliation":"World Bank - Development Impact Department","role":"Verification and preparation of metadata"}],"prod_date":"2025-07-25","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"authoring_entity":[{"name":"Alen Mulabdic","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"amulabdic@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Gaurav Nayyar","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"gnayyar@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Katherine Stapleton","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"kstapleton@worldbank.org"}],"title_statement":{"title":"Reproducibility package for Growth, Structural Transformation And Carbon Emissions","idno":"RR_WLD_2025_395"},"data_statement":"All data sources are publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","software":[{"name":"Stata","version":"18 MP"}],"scripts":[{"title":"Reproducibility package for Growth, Structural Transformation And Carbon Emissions","date":"2025-07","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DIME) Analytics team, World Bank.","instructions":"See README in reproducibility package.","file_name":"RR_WLD_2025_395","zip_package":"RR_WLD_2025_395.zip","dependencies":"Stata dependencies are listed in the ado folder."}],"repository_uri":[{"name":"Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank)","uri":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org"}],"production_date":"2025-07-25","abstract":"The environmental Kuznets curve postulates an inverted-U relationship between environmental degradation and economic growth. And economic growth has been synonymous with structural transformation. How do patterns of growth and structural transformation relate to carbon emissions? Based on data across almost 100 countries between 1960 and 2017, we find that the movement of workers into the manufacturing and modern, knowledge-intensive services is associated with a higher carbon emissions intensity of GDP, but this positive association diminishes at higher shares of employment in both sectors. Further, the diminishing positive association between emissions intensity and structural transformation towards these sectors is more discernible for developing economies compared with advanced economies. Further, based on sector-specific carbon emissions across 66 countries between 1995 and 2018, we find evidence of convergence in the carbon emissions intensity of production across countries in all sectors, with the potential for further reductions in developing economies, especially given relatively high indirect carbon emissions through inter-sectoral linkages.","geographic_units":[{"name":"World","code":"WLD"}],"keywords":[{"name":"Structural Transformation"},{"name":"Economic Growth"},{"name":"Carbon Emissions"}],"topics":[{"id":"O14","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Industrialization \u2022 Manufacturing and Service Industries \u2022 Choice of Technology","parent_id":"O1"},{"id":" O44","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Environment and Growth","parent_id":"O4"},{"id":" Q56","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Environment and Development \u2022 Environment and Trade \u2022 Sustainability \u2022 Environmental Accounts and Accounting \u2022 Environmental Equity \u2022 Population Growth","parent_id":"Q5"}],"output":[{"type":"Working Paper","description":"Policy Research Working Papers (PRWP)","title":"Growth, Structural Transformation And Carbon Emissions"}],"language":[{"name":"English","code":"EN"}],"technology_requirements":"~ 30 minutes","disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","license":[{"name":"Modified BSD3","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/bsd-3-clause\/"}],"contacts":[{"name":"Alen Mulabdic","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"amulabdic@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org"}],"reproduction_instructions":"To reproduce the findings in this study, a new user needs to: \n1. Change the path in the ` main` do file. \n2. Run the do file. ","technology_environment":"Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:\n\u2022 OS: Windows 11 Enterprise\n\u2022 Processor: INTEL(R) XEON(R) PLATINUM 8562Y+ 2.80 GHz (4 processors)\n\u2022 Memory available: 32.0 GB\n\u2022 Software version: Stata 18.0 MP","datasets":[{"name":"Trade in employment (TiM) database","note":"Source: The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Trade in employment (TiM) 2021 edition.\nFile name: TIM_2021_28102022203824270.xlsx","access_type":"Included in the package.","uri":"https:\/\/data-explorer.oecd.org\/vis?pg=0&bp=true&snb=15&tm=TIVA&fc=Topic&df[ds]=dsDisseminateFinalDMZ&df[id]=DSD_TIM_2021%40DF_TIM_2021&df[ag]=OECD.STI.PIE&df[vs]=1.0&dq=.....A&pd=%2C&to[TIME_PERIOD]=false"},{"note":"Source:  The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Trade in Value Added (TiVA) database.\nFile name: TIVA_2021_C1_28102022204502319.xlsx","name":"Trade in Value Added (TiVA) database","uri":"https:\/\/data-explorer.oecd.org\/vis?pg=0&snb=2&tm=TIVA&fc=Measure&fs[0]=Measure%2C0%7CGross%20exports%23EXGR%23&df[ds]=dsDisseminateFinalDMZ&df[id]=DSD_TIVA_MAINLV%40DF_MAINLV&df[ag]=OECD.STI.PIE&df[vs]=1.0&dq=.....A&pd=%2C&to[TIME_PERIOD]=false","access_type":"Included in the package."},{"access_type":"Included in the package.","name":"CO\u2082 Emissions, Emissions Intensities, and Emissions Multipliers","note":"Sources: OECD (2021), OECD Inter-Country Input-Output Database, https:\/\/oe.cd\/icio; OECD (2021), Trade in embodied CO\u2082 (TeCO2) Database, https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/sti\/ind\/carbondioxideemissionsembodiedininternationaltrade.htm; Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 2021. Input-Output Tables (IOTs) (https:\/\/oe.cd\/i-o).\nFile name: _CO2_Emissions_Emission_Intensities_and_Emission_Multipliers.xlsx","uri":"https:\/\/climatedata.imf.org\/datasets\/7cec1228bfbe4a5e876ca5a5abedd64f_0\/about"},{"note":"Source: Country official statistics, National Statistical Organizations and\/or Central Banks; National Accounts data files, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ); Staff estimates, World Bank ( WB ).\nFile name: gdp.dta","access_type":"Included in the package.","uri":"https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD","name":"Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita (current US$) data"},{"uri":"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/research\/publication\/global-productivity","note":"Source: The World Bank\u2019s Global Productivity Database\nFile name: Prospects_database.dta: ","access_type":"Included in the package.","name":"Sectoral Productivity Data"},{"note":"Sources: Global Carbon Budget (2024)Bolt and van Zanden - Maddison Project Database 2023 \u2013 with major processing by Our World in Data.\nFile name: co2-intensity.zip: ","name":"Carbon intensity: CO\u2082 emissions per dollar of GDP databse","access_type":"Included in the package.","uri":"https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/grapher\/co2-intensity"},{"note":"Source: Energy Institute (2025), Statistical Review of World Energy 2025, Energy Institute, London.\nFile name: Statistical Review of World Energy Data.xlsx.","access_type":"Included in the package.","uri":"https:\/\/www.energyinst.org\/statistical-review\/resources-and-data-downloads","name":"Statistical Review of World Energy Data"},{"uri":"https:\/\/datahelpdesk.worldbank.org\/knowledgebase\/articles\/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups","name":"Historical country income-level classifications ","note":"Source: The World Bank. \nFile name: OGHIST.xlsx","access_type":"Included in the package. "},{"name":"Contains Prospects Group (GEP) country classifications ","note":"Source: The World Bank Prospects group. Complied by the authors.\nFile name: PG_classifications.xlsx","access_type":"Included in the package."},{"access_type":"Included in the package","note":"Source:  Manually created by the authors, used only for aggregating TiVA and TiM sectoral data.\nFile name: Aggregate_sectors.xlsx.","name":"Industry codes database"}]},"tags":[{"tag":"DOI"},{"tag":"Open Code"},{"tag":"Open Data"}],"schematype":"script"}