{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","abbr":"DIME","affiliation":"World Bank - Development Impact Department","role":"Verification and preparation of metadata"}],"prod_date":"2025-08-04","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"authoring_entity":[{"name":"Bledi Celiku","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"bceliku@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Diego Javier Ubfal","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"dubfal@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Martin Valdivia","affiliation":"Grupo de Analisis para el Desarrollo (GRADE)","email":"jvaldivi@grade.org.pe"}],"title_statement":{"title":"Reproducibility package for Gender Gaps In The Performance Of Small Firms: Evidence From Urban Peru","idno":"RR_PER_2025_401"},"software":[{"name":"Stata","version":"18.5 MP"}],"scripts":[{"title":"Reproducibility package for Gender Gaps In The Performance Of Small Firms: Evidence From Urban Peru","date":"2025-08","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank.","instructions":"See README in reproducibility package.","file_name":"RR_PER_2025_401","zip_package":"RR_PER_2025_401.zip","dependencies":"Stata dependencies are listed in the ado folder."}],"repository_uri":[{"name":"Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank)","uri":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org"}],"production_date":"2025-08-04","abstract":"This paper estimates the gender gap in the performance of firms in Peru using representative data on both formal and informal firms. On average, informal female-led firms have lower sales, labor productivity and profits compared to their male-led counterparts, with differences more pronounced when controlling for observable determinants of firm performance. However, gender gaps are only significant at the bottom of the performance distribution of informal firms and these gaps disappear at the top of the distribution of informal firms and for formal firms. Possible explanations for the performance gaps at the bottom of the distribution include the higher likelihood of small female-led firms being home-based, which is linked to lower profits, and their concentration in less profitable sectors. The paper provides suggestive evidence that household responsibilities play a key role in explaining the gender gap in firm performance among informal firms. Therefore, policies that promote access to care services or foster a more equal distribution of household activities may reduce gender productivity gaps and allow for a more\nefficient allocation of resources.","geographic_units":[{"name":"Peru","code":"PER"}],"keywords":[{"name":"Gender Gap"},{"name":"Firm Performance"},{"name":"Entrepreneurship"},{"name":"Informal Sector"},{"name":"Formal Sector"},{"name":"Peru"}],"topics":[{"id":"J16","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Economics of Gender \u2022 Non-labor Discrimination","parent_id":"J1"},{"id":" L26","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Entrepreneurship","parent_id":"L2"},{"id":" O17","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Formal and Informal Sectors \u2022 Shadow Economy \u2022 Institutional Arrangements","parent_id":"O1"},{"id":" D22","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Firm Behavior: Empirical Analysis","parent_id":"D2"},{"id":" O54","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Latin America \u2022 Caribbean","parent_id":"O5"}],"output":[{"type":"Working Paper","description":"Policy Research Working Papers (PRWP)","title":"Gender Gaps In The Performance Of Small Firms: Evidence From Urban Peru"}],"language":[{"name":"English","code":"EN"}],"disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","license":[{"name":"Modified BSD3","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/bsd-3-clause\/"}],"contacts":[{"name":"Bledi Celiku","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"bceliku@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org"}],"technology_requirements":"Runtime: 2 minutes","technology_environment":"Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:\n\u2022 OS: Windows 11 Enterprise\n\u2022 Processor: Intel(R) Xeon(R) Gold 5218 CPU @ 2.30GHz\n\u2022 Memory available: 16.0 GB\n\u2022 Software version: Stata 18.5 MP","reproduction_instructions":"1. **Obtain accessible data:** The datasets used for this reproducible package are publicly available but not redistributable. Users must obtain them by following the instructions of the section Datasets.\n2. **Place the data in the correct folder:** Once the data files are obtained, they should be copied to the folder \"1_data\".\n3. **Adjust File Paths and Run Code:** Update the paths in \"2_dofiles\/0_master.do\" and run the do-file to reproduce the results.","data_statement":"All data sources are publicly available, but not all are included in the reproducibility package.","datasets":[{"name":"World Bank Enterprise Survey (WBES)","note":"Source: World Bank. World Bank Enterprise Surveys (WBES) are nationally representative firm-level surveys, with top managers and owners of businesses interviewed using a globally comparable questionnaire that covers a broad range of business environment topics as well as firms\u2019 characteristics and performance measures. Data was accessed in May 2025. Since the data is updated periodically, the latest version may differ from the one used in the study. File names: \"Peru-2022-ISES-full-data.dta\", \"Peru-2023-full-data.dta\". The data can be accessed after creating an account, logging in, searching \"Peru\" in the \"Data by Economy\" tab, and downloading the two files with the same names.","access_type":"Data is publicly available but does not allow redistribution.","uri":"https:\/\/www.enterprisesurveys.org\/en\/enterprisesurveys"}]},"tags":[{"tag":"DOI"},{"tag":"Open Code"}],"schematype":"script"}