{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","abbr":"DECDI","affiliation":"World Bank - Development Impact Department","role":"Verification and preparation of metadata"}],"prod_date":"2025-08-13","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"authoring_entity":[{"name":"Daniela M. Behr","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"dbehr@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Liang Shen","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"lshen2@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Ana Maria Tribin Uribe","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"atribinuribe@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Tea Trumbic","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"ttrumbic@worldbank.org"}],"title_statement":{"title":"Reproducibility package for Temperature Anomalies As An Obstacle To Women\u2019s Rights And Economic Empowerment?","idno":"RR_WLD_2025_404"},"data_statement":"All data sources are publicly available, but not all are included in the reproducibility package.","software":[{"name":"Stata","version":"18.0 MP"}],"scripts":[{"title":"Reproducibility package for Temperature Anomalies As An Obstacle To Women\u2019s Rights And Economic Empowerment?","date":"2025-08","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank.","instructions":"See README in reproducibility package.","file_name":"RR_WLD_2025_404","zip_package":"RR_WLD_2025_404.zip","dependencies":"Stata dependencies are listed in the ado folder."}],"repository_uri":[{"name":"Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank)","uri":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org"}],"production_date":"2025-08-13","abstract":"Gender equality is associated with economic growth and resilience, yet various factors, including climate change, may stall progress toward equal rights for men and women. This paper analyzes historical temperature and precipitation fluctuations within countries to assess their effect on legal gender equality, using data from the World Bank\u2019s Women, Business and the Law dataset, which measures women\u2019s rights across 190 economies and five decades. Findings reveal that temperature anomalies correlate with slower progress in legal gender equality, particularly in low-income countries. Irregular temperature fluctuations significantly delay the development of legal frameworks for parental leave, marriage, and mobility. Countries, particularly those with limited resources, seem less inclined to provide tangible benefits to women. This study emphasizes the complex relationship between extreme temperatures and women\u2019s rights, highlighting the importance of addressing gender disparities to build more resilient societies, especially in the face of shifts in temperatures and weather patterns.","geographic_units":[{"name":"World","code":"WLD"}],"keywords":[{"name":"Climate Change"},{"name":"Women\u2019s Rights"},{"name":"Legal Reform"},{"name":"Gender Equality"},{"name":"Women Business And The Law"}],"topics":[{"id":"Q54","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Climate \u2022 Natural Disasters and Their Management \u2022 Global Warming","parent_id":"Q5"},{"id":" Q56","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Environment and Development \u2022 Environment and Trade \u2022 Sustainability \u2022 Environmental Accounts and Accounting \u2022 Environmental Equity \u2022 Population Growth","parent_id":"Q5"},{"id":" J16","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Economics of Gender \u2022 Non-labor Discrimination","parent_id":"J1"},{"id":" K38","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Human Rights Law \u2022 Gender Law \u2022 Animal Rights Law","parent_id":"K3"},{"id":" D63","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement","parent_id":"D6"}],"output":[{"type":"Working Paper","description":"Policy Research Working Papers (PRWP)","title":"Temperature Anomalies As An Obstacle To Women\u2019s Rights And Economic Empowerment?"}],"language":[{"name":"English","code":"EN"}],"disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","license":[{"name":"Modified BSD3","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/bsd-3-clause\/"}],"contacts":[{"name":"Daniela M. Behr","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"dbehr@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org"}],"datasets":[{"name":" Climate Change Knowledge Portal Data","note":"Source: World Bank, Climate Change Knowledge Portal (2025). URL: https:\/\/climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org\/, accessed 2025. The datasets accessed include ERA5 Average Mean Surface Air Temperature (\u00b0C, 1950\u20132023), ERA5 Aggregated Accumulated Precipitation (mm, 1950\u20132023), CRU TS Average Mean Surface Air Temperature (\u00b0C, 1901\u20132023), and CRU TS Aggregated Accumulated Precipitation (mm, 1901\u20132023). \nLocated at: _data\/ERA5_temperature_1950-2023.xlsx, ERA5_precipitation_1950-2023.xlsx, CRU_temperature_1901-2023.xlsx, and CRU_precipitation_1901-2023.xlsx.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package","uri":"https:\/\/climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org\/download-data"},{"note":"Source: EM-DAT, CRED \/ UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium (https:\/\/www.emdat.be\n). Glossary available at: https:\/\/doc.emdat.be\/docs\/data-structure-and-content\/emdat-public-table\/.\nVersion: Dated 2025-02-21, created on 2025-02-23. Contains 25,043 records covering 1970\u20132025.\nNotes: EM-DAT is regularly updated. If users download the dataset directly, results may differ from those in this package, as updated figures (e.g., deaths and injuries) can change results. Replicators confirmed that the current publicly available data has been updated compared to the data used by the authors. Replicators found that some values match, while others differ due to these updates. \nLocated at: _data\/public_emdat_1970-2025.xlsx.","name":"Emergency Events Public Database (EM-DAT)","access_type":"Data is publicly available, but does not allow redistribution","license_uri":"https:\/\/doc.emdat.be\/docs\/legal\/terms-of-use\/","uri":"https:\/\/public.emdat.be\/data"},{"uri":"https:\/\/datatopics.worldbank.org\/world-development-indicators\/wdi-archives.html","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package","note":"Source: World Bank World Development Indicators (WDI) (1960-2023).\nLocated at: _data\/WDIEXCEL_Jan2025.xlsx","name":"World Development Indicators","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/about\/legal\/terms-of-use-for-datasets"},{"name":"Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Data","note":"Source: Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Fabio Angiolillo, Michael Bernhard, Cecilia Borella, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Linnea Fox, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerl\u00f8w, Adam Glynn, Ana Good God, Sandra Grahn, Allen Hicken, Katrin Kinzelbach, Joshua Krusell, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Natalia Natsika, Anja Neundorf, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Josefine Pernes, Oskar Ryd\u00e9n, Johannes von R\u00f6mer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundstr\u00f6m, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson, and Daniel Ziblatt. 2024. V-Dem [Country-Year\/Country-Date] Dataset v14. Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23696\/mcwt-fr58;\nPemstein, Daniel, Kyle L. Marquardt, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Juraj Medzihorsky, Joshua Krusell, Farhad Miri, and Johannes von R\u00f6mer. 2024. The V-Dem Measurement Model: Latent Variable Analysis for Cross-National and Cross-Temporal Expert-Coded Data. V-Dem Working Paper No. 21, 9th edition. University of Gothenburg: Varieties of Democracy Institute.\nLocated at: _data\/V-Dem-CY-Core-v14.dta","uri":"https:\/\/v-dem.net\/data\/dataset-archive\/","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package\n"},{"name":"Women, Business and the Law Data","note":"Source: World Bank. 2024. Women, Business and the Law 2024. Washington, DC: World Bank.\nLocated at: _data\/WBL1-0-1971-2024.dta","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package","uri":"https:\/\/wbl.worldbank.org\/en\/wbl-data","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/about\/legal\/terms-of-use-for-datasets","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)"}],"reproduction_instructions":"To reproduce the findings in this paper, replicators need to:\n1. Obtain the accessible data and place it in the appropriate folder (see **Data** section).  \n2. Update the path in the main do-file.  \n3. Run the code.  \nOne dataset cannot be redistributed, and this is regularly updated. As a result, users may not obtain identical results if they download the data directly. To ensure transparency, the results obtained by the replicators using the data provided by the authors are included in the package in the `_output` folder.\n ","technology_requirements":"~5 minutes run time. ","technology_environment":"Paper exhibits were reproduced on two computers with the following specifications:\n- Computer 1\n\u2022 OS: macOS Sequoia 15.1.1\n\u2022 Processor: Apple M2\n\u2022 Memory available: 16 GB\n\u2022 Software version: Stata 16.0 MP\n- Computer 2\n\u2022 OS: Windows 11 Enterprise\n\u2022 Processor: Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-1145G7 CPU @ 2.60GHz\n\u2022 Memory available: 15.7 GB\n\u2022 Software version: Stata 18.0 MP\n"},"tags":[{"tag":"DOI"},{"tag":"Open Code"},{"tag":"Open Data"}],"schematype":"script"}