{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","abbr":"DECDI","affiliation":"World Bank - Development Impact Department","role":"Verification and preparation of metadata"}],"prod_date":"2025-08-26","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"authoring_entity":[{"name":"Deborah Winkler","affiliation":"World Bank Group","email":"dwinkler2@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Luis Aguilar Luna","affiliation":"World Bank Group","email":"laguilar@colmex.mx"}],"title_statement":{"title":"Reproducibility package for International Activity And Female Labor Participation: New Evidence For Services Firms In Developing Countries","idno":"RR_WLD_2025_407"},"data_statement":"Some data is restricted and has not been included in the reproducibility package. For more details, please refer to the README file. ","software":[{"name":"Stata","version":"18 MP"}],"scripts":[{"title":"Reproducibility package for International Activity And Female Labor Participation: New Evidence For Services Firms In Developing Countries","date":"2025-08","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank.","instructions":"See README in reproducibility package.","file_name":"RR_WLD_2025_407","zip_package":"RR_WLD_2025_407.zip","dependencies":"Stata dependencies are listed in the ado folder."}],"repository_uri":[{"name":"Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank)","uri":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org"}],"production_date":"2025-08-26","abstract":"Using a cross-section of more than 33,000 services firms in 104 low- and middle-income countries from the World Bank\u2019s Enterprise Surveys, this paper examines whether the female labor share premium of international firms relative to non-international firms in manufacturing also holds for services firms. Unlike the manufacturing sector, the study finds a negative relationship between exporting and global value chain (GVC) participation and the female labor share for services firms, while no relationship is found for importing or foreign ownership status, controlling for firm output, productivity, technology intensity, and fixed effects.\n\nThe female labor share gap for exporters is larger before Covid-19, while the gap for GVC participants is no longer significant after Covid-19. Controlling for sectoral relative wages between men and women does not change the findings in a smaller sub-sample of economies. Controlling for female top management and ownership reveals a female labor share gap for exporters, GVC participants, and importers. Using an alternative estimator and dataset confirms the female labor share gap in services firms. This may be attributed to the sectoral segregation between women and men, with women tending to pursue work opportunities in less skill- and export-intensive services sectors compared to men.\n","geographic_units":[{"name":"World","code":"WLD"}],"keywords":[{"name":"Services Firms"},{"name":"Trade"},{"name":"Global Value Chains"},{"name":"Women"},{"name":"Female Labor Share"},{"name":"Labor Force Participation"}],"topics":[{"id":"F1","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Trade","parent_id":"F"},{"id":" F2","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"International Factor Movements and International Business","parent_id":"F"},{"id":" F6","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Economic Impacts of Globalization","parent_id":"F"}],"output":[{"type":"Working Paper","description":"Policy Research Working Papers (PRWP)","title":"International Activity And Female Labor Participation: New Evidence For Services Firms In Developing Countries"}],"language":[{"name":"English","code":"EN"}],"disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","license":[{"name":"Modified BSD3","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/bsd-3-clause\/"}],"contacts":[{"name":"Deborah Winkler","affiliation":"World Bank Group","email":"dwinkler2@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org"}],"datasets":[{"name":"Trade in employment (TiM) 2023 edition","note":"Source: The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Trade in employment (TiM) 2023 edition.\nFile location: TiM2023\\Raw files","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package. ","uri":"https:\/\/stats.oecd.org\/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=TIM_2023"},{"note":"Source: The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Trade in Value Added (TiVA) 2023 edition: Principal Indicators, levels.\nFile location: TiVA2023\\Raw files","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","uri":"https:\/\/data-explorer.oecd.org\/vis?tm=tiva&pg=0&snb=14&df[ds]=dsDisseminateFinalDMZ&df[id]=DSD_TIVA_MAINLV%40DF_MAINLV&df[ag]=OECD.STI.PIE&df[vs]=1.0&dq=FFD_DVA.AUS..W..A&pd=2015%2C&to[TIME_PERIOD]=false","name":"Trade in Value Added (TiVA) 2023 edition"},{"name":"World Bank Enterprise Surveys (WBES)","note":"Source: World Bank Enterprise Surveys, www.enterprisesurveys.org.  The dataset was last accessed by the authors in January 2025. Since the data is updated periodically, the latest version may differ from the one used in the study. It can be accessed after creating an account and following the instructions in the README.\nFile location: Data\/ES","access_type":"Data is limited-access and is not included in the reproducibility package. "},{"name":"Country ISO codes","note":"Source: Online Browsing Platform (OBP). The data consists of country names and ISO codes complied by the authors from the source. \nFile location: Other Data\/countrynames.dta; isocodes","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","uri":"https:\/\/www.iso.org\/obp\/ui\/#search.CAGR="},{"name":"World Bank Country and Lending Groups","note":"Source: World Bank. \nFile location: Other Data\/Income23.dta; HistorialIncomeClass24.xlsx; Region.dta; Region_code.dta","uri":"https:\/\/datahelpdesk.worldbank.org\/knowledgebase\/articles\/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package."},{"name":"Trade in employment (TiM) structure","note":"Source: The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Trade in employment (TiM) 2023 edition. Correspondence table between industry codes. Download the file \"TiM structure (old versus new codes)\"\nFile location: Other Data\/Indcode_new_old; CorrespondanceTIMBC_TIM","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","uri":"https:\/\/data-explorer.oecd.org\/vis?tm=Tiva%202021&pg=0&snb=2&df[ds]=dsDisseminateFinalDMZ&df[id]=DSD_TIM_2021%40DF_TIM_2021&df[ag]=OECD.STI.PIE&df[vs]=1.0&dq=FFD_DEM.._T.W.PT_EMP.A&pd=2015%2C&to[TIME_PERIOD]=false"},{"name":"World Development Report 2020 Data","note":"Source: World Bank 2020. It consists of Global Value Chain (GVC) taxonomy group by year based on WDR 2020. Go to Chapter 1, download data, then go to \u201cMap 1.1\u201d sheet in \u201cWDR2020_chapter1_data\u201d file.\nFile location: Other Data\/Taxonomy_new_only_final.dta","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","uri":"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/publication\/wdr2020\/brief\/world-development-report-2020-data"},{"name":"World Development Indicators","note":"Source: World Bank. Values added by broad sector- country.\nFile location: Other Data\/Deflators\/WDI_VA_deflators","uri":"https:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/source\/world-development-indicators","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package."},{"name":"Trade in Value Added (TiVA) Structure","note":"Source: The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Trade in Value Added (TiVA) 2023. Correspondence table between ISIC code (Rev. 4.0) and TiVA 2018 industry codes. Download the file \"TIVA 2023 structure and coverage\".\nFile location: Other Data\/isic_v4-tiva2018","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","uri":"https:\/\/data-explorer.oecd.org\/vis?tm=tiva&pg=0&snb=14&df[ds]=dsDisseminateFinalDMZ&df[id]=DSD_TIVA_MAINLV%40DF_MAINLV&df[ag]=OECD.STI.PIE&df[vs]=1.0&dq=FFD_DVA.AUS..W..A&pd=2015%2C&to[TIME_PERIOD]=false"},{"name":"Gender Disaggregated Labor Database (GDLD)","note":"Source: World Bank. The Gender Disaggregated Labor Database (GDLD) is a global micro labor force database based on the World Bank\u2019s household survey collection and other public resources. The public version of the GDLD is available on the World Bank website (https:\/\/datatopics.worldbank.org\/gdld\/). The underlying raw microdata are no longer downloadable. It was accessed data on March 2025. For access inquiries, please contact Maryla Maliszewska at mmaliszewska@worldbank.org.","access_type":"Data is restricted and is not included in the reproducibility package.  Access can be requested directly from the contact person noted above."}],"reproduction_instructions":"1. **Secure Access to Data:** Access the datasets not included in the package. See subsection Datasets and the README for more details.\n2. **Download and Place Data:** Once the data is downloaded, users should place it in the appropriate folder.\n3. **Run the Package:** After placing the data in the folder:\n      - Update the globals in line 15 in \"Master\" do-file to your folder's location and run the do-file.\n \nSince all the data is not included, the package includes the results produced by replicators. These files can be used to review the results presented in the paper.","technology_requirements":"2 hours runtime","technology_environment":"Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:\n\u2022 OS: Windows 11 Enterprise\n\u2022 Processor: INTEL(R) XEON(R) PLATINUM 8562Y+ 2.80 GHz (4 processors)\n\u2022 Memory available: 32.0 GB\n\u2022 Software version: Stata 18.0 MP\n"},"tags":[{"tag":"DOI"},{"tag":"Open Code"},{"tag":"Restricted Data"}],"schematype":"script"}