{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","abbr":"DIME","affiliation":"World Bank - Development Impact Department","role":"Verification and preparation of metadata"}],"prod_date":"2025-08-11","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"authoring_entity":[{"name":"Truman Packard","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"tpackard@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Katharina Fietz","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"kfietz@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Josefina Posadas","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"jposadas@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Hugo \u00d1opo","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"hnopoaguilar@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Clement Joubert","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"cjoubert@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Alberto Ocampo","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"aocampoarellano@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Lourdes Rodriguez","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"lrchamussy@worldbank.org"}],"title_statement":{"title":"Reproducibility package for (In)Formalizing Jobs in Latin America and the Caribbean","idno":"FR_LAC_2025_380"},"data_statement":"Some data is restricted and has not been included in the reproducibility package. For more details, please refer to the README file. ","software":[{"name":"Stata","version":"18.0 MP"},{"name":"Excel","version":"Microsoft Excel for Microsoft 365 MSO"}],"scripts":[{"title":"Reproducibility package for (In)Formalizing Jobs in Latin America and the Caribbean","date":"2025-07","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank.","instructions":"See README in reproducibility package.","file_name":"FR_LAC_2025_380","zip_package":"FR_LAC_2025_380.zip","dependencies":"Stata dependencies are listed in the ado folder."}],"repository_uri":[{"name":"Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank)","uri":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org"}],"production_date":"2025-08-11","abstract":"This report aims to deepen our understanding of informality of work and employment outcomes in Latin American and Caribbean labor markets, focusing on the interplay between personal income taxation, social protection policies and consequently firm and workers\u2019 incentives to (in)formalize agreements. The report introduces a new analytical framework that centers on individual worker decisions, based on the value workers ascribe to present and future (contingent) benefits as compared with their costs, alongside negotiations with employers shaped by labor market competitiveness. The report provides a detailed mapping of taxes and benefits, which supports empirical analysis to identify and quantify incentives for (in)formal employment and to simulate how reforms to policies and programs affect these incentives. This analysis underpins recommendations to improve the incentives to formalize employment and participate in personal income tax and social protection systems across LAC countries. ","geographic_units":[{"name":"Latin America","code":"LAC"}],"keywords":[{"name":"Informality"},{"name":"Taxation"},{"name":"Social Protection"}],"output":[{"type":"Flagship or other report","description":"World Bank Reports & Flagships","title":"(In)Formalizing Jobs in Latin America and the Caribbean","uri":"https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10986\/43535"}],"language":[{"name":"English","code":"EN"}],"technology_requirements":"~20 minutes runtime","disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","license":[{"name":"Modified BSD3","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/bsd-3-clause\/"}],"contacts":[{"name":"Truman Packard","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"tpackard@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org"}],"reproduction_instructions":"To reproduce the findings in this study, please follow the steps below:\n1. Obtain Access to the Restricted Data\n   - See the Datasets section of this documentation and the README file for detailed information on each dataset and how to request access.  \n   - Many datasets are restricted and require special permissions or internal World Bank access.  \n   - For most users, it will be very difficult to obtain all of the required data, as some datasets are confidential or require special approval processes.\n2. Place the Data in the Appropriate Folder  \n3.  Update the file paths in the `main` do file to your local setup so they match the directory where the data is stored.\n4.  Run the `main` do file.\n\nBecause obtaining access to all required datasets will be very difficult for most users, this reproducibility package includes the outputs generated by the replicators:\n- These outputs can be used to compare with those presented in the final paper.  \n- The replicators\u2019 results are stored in the `Results\/` folder.  \n- All additional details, including dataset descriptions and access instructions, are explained in the README file.\n\n","technology_environment":"Paper exhibits were reproduced in one computer with the following specifications:\n\u2022 OS: Windows 11 Enterprise\n\u2022 Processor: Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-1145G7 CPU @ 2.60GHz\n\u2022 Memory available: 15.7 GB\n\u2022 Software version: Stata version 18 MP\n","datasets":[{"name":"Household Surveys Latin America and The Caribbean","note":"Source: World Bank and CEDLAS. Located at: sedlac\/. This subfolder contains all the restricted-use databases generated in the project and sourced from the SEDLAC harmonization project (World Bank and CEDLAS). The original data source is the World Bank Stata API datalibweb, for internal use only. If you are a World Bank employee, you can request access to the specific datasets listed in the README file and place them in the appropriate folder. \nFiles location: Data\/Chapter2\/raw. \nAccess date: accessed in September 2024.\nFiles include the complete set of harmonized household surveys for Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, Uruguay, El Salvador, and Peru (2018\u20132022). The list of specific datasets used and the folder structure is included in the README file. Also, hashes are included in the file data_hash_report.csv for transparency purposes.\n","access_type":"Data access requires human approval and is not included in the reproducibility package","uri":"https:\/\/datalibweb2.worldbank.org\/ (only accessible to World Bank)"},{"note":"Source: Maratou-Kolias et al. (2020), based on the World Bank Doing Business project. Doing Business \u2013 Employing Workers Data (Processed).\nFiles location: Data\/Chapter3\/raw.\nFiles included: WW_DB_master_PCA_MW_JOIN_yr(11.12.2019).dta\nAccess date: September 2024. \nData is not publicly available. To get access to the data, the user can contact the author Maratou-Kolias at lmmaratou-kolias1@sheffield.ac.uk.\n","name":"Doing Business Processed Dataset","access_type":"Data access requires human approval and is not included in the reproducibility package"},{"name":"Taxing Wages in Latin America and the Caribbean Report Dataset","note":"Source: Data from the report OECD\/IDB\/CIAT (2016), Taxing Wages in Latin America and the Caribbean 2016, OECD Publishing, Paris, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1787\/9789264262607-en.\nFiles location: Excel files\/Chapter 4\/Taxing_wages_LAC.xls; Chapter 7\/Augmented_dejure_tax.xls. Download in the link below. ","uri":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1787\/888933410093","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the package"},{"name":"Taxing Wages 2024 Report Data","note":"Source: OECD (2024), Taxing Wages 2024: Tax and Gender through the Lens of the Second Earner, OECD Publishing, Paris, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1787\/dbcbac85-en.\nFiles location: Excel files\/Chapter 4\/Augmented_tax_wedge.xls, Excel files\/Chapter 7\/Augmented_dejure_tax.xlsx. \nAccess date: September 2024. Data was manually compiled from the reports by the authors. ","uri":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1787\/dbcbac85-en","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the package"},{"name":"CEPALSTAT","note":"Source: United Nations, CEPALSTAT. Statistical Data Portal and Publications.  \nFiles location: Excel files\/Chapter 8\/ECLAC_PPSE.xlsx. \nAccess date: September 20, 2024. \nIndicator: Public and private social expenditure (SOCX methodology), in percentages of GDP. \nUser should follow the link below, go to the indicator and download the data in Excel format. Data should be renamed and placed in the appropriate folder. ","access_type":"Data is publicly available but does not allow redistribution","uri":"https:\/\/statistics.cepal.org\/portal\/cepalstat\/dashboard.html?theme=2&lang=en","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.cepal.org\/en\/c-eclac-united-nations","license":"Copyright United Nations"},{"name":"Microsimulation Datasets \u2013 Brazil, Uruguay, El Salvador, Colombia and Peru.","note":"Source: National microsimulation tools (BraSim, BraJure, El Salvador Tool, Peru Tool, Colombia Tool, Uruguay Tool).\nFiles location: Data\/Chapter4\/raw, Data\/Chapter6\/raw.\nAccess date: September 2024. Data was created by the authors through hypothetical scenarios applying the de jure rules of the microsimulation tools available for Brazil, Uruguay, and El Salvador. The tools are not publicly available and there is no documented way to access the data. Please see more information in the README file. ","access_type":"There is no documented way to access the data, and it is not included in the reproducibility package"},{"name":"Social Security Information System Data","note":"Source: Inter-American Development Bank, Labor Markets and Social Security Information System (SIMS).\nFiles location: Excel files\/Chapter8\/IDB_SIMS.csv.\nAccess date: September 19, 2024.","uri":"https:\/\/data.iadb.org\/dataset\/database-of-labor-markets-and-social-security-information-system-sims","license":"Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial NoDerivs 3.0 IGO","license_uri":"https:\/\/data.iadb.org\/dataset\/database-of-labor-markets-and-social-security-information-system-sims","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproduciblity package"},{"uri":"https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/en\/data\/datasets\/social-expenditure-database-socx.html","note":"Source: OECD. OECD Social Expenditure Database.\nFiles location: Files location: Excel files\/Chapter8\/OECD_SEAD.xlsx.\nAccess date: September 20, 2024.","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/en\/about\/terms-conditions.html","license":"OECD Terms & Conditions","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproduciblity package","name":"OECD Social Expenditure Database"},{"name":"World Population Prospects ","note":"Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2024). World Population Prospects 2024, Online Edition.\nFiles location: Excel files\/Chapter8\/UN_WPP.xlsx\/\nAccess date: September 20, 2024.\nFile POP\/06-1: Percentage of total population by select age group, region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100. Estimates, 1950-2023.","uri":"https:\/\/population.un.org\/wpp\/downloads?folder=Standard%20Projections&group=Most%20used","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproduciblity package","license_uri":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/igo\/","license":"Creative Commons license CC BY 3.0 IGO"},{"name":"Education Finance Watch","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproduciblity package","note":"Source: UNESCO, World Bank, GEM Report, and UIS. Education Finance Watch Database. Data from the report 2024 Education Finance Watch. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.54676\/NSCT2115.\nFiles location: Excel files\/Chapter8\/Edu_finance_watch.xlsx. \nAccess date: September 20, 2024.\nDirect download in the link below. ","uri":"https:\/\/world-education-blog.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/EFW2024_Data_1021.zip","license":"CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO"},{"name":"Global Health Expenditure Database","note":"Source: Global Health Expenditure Database.\nFiels location: Excel files\/Chapter8\/WHO_GHED.xlsx.\nAccess date: September 21, 2024.","uri":"https:\/\/apps.who.int\/nha\/database\/Select\/Indicators\/en","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package"},{"name":"ILOSTAT","note":"Source: International Labour Organization (ILO), ILOSTAT Data Explorer.\nFile Location: Data\/Chapter 2\/raw\/Informal economy\/ILO MEASURE OF INFORMALITY cleaned.dta\nDescription and Variables: This dataset corresponds to SDG Indicator 8.3.1: Proportion of informal employment in total employment by sex and sector.\nThe authors used this dataset to generate the cleaned file above. They applied the following filters:\nSex = Total; Economic sector = Total (broad sector); Years = 1999\u20132023. They selected the variables: ccode (ISO Alpha-3 country code); year;  inf_ilo (proportion of informal employment). In addition, they created a variable for the natural logarithm of inf_ilo, stored as ln_inf_ilo.\nAccess date: September 2024.\nThe data is publicly available via the ILOSTAT dashboard (linked below). The values used by the authors generally align with the public data; however, since the ILO continuously updates its database, the publicly available series is not identical to the version used in this package. To ensure reproducibility, the dataset used by the authors is included in the package. If downloading the same data directly from ILOSTAT, expect some differences due to updates.","uri":"https:\/\/rshiny.ilo.org\/dataexplorer12\/?lang=en&segment=indicator&id=SDG_0831_SEX_ECO_RT_A","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package"},{"note":"Source: Elgin, C., M. A. Kose, F. Ohnsorge, and S. Yu. 2021. Understanding Informality. CERP Discussion Paper 16497, Centre for Economic Policy Research, London.\nFile Location: Chapter 2\/raw\/Informal economy\/informal-economy-database-with-fixes.dta; INFORMALITY DATA SET.dta.\nAccess Date: September 2024.\nDetails: This dataset comes from two sources related to the Understanding Informality paper.\nInformal Economy Database (with fixes): The original data was downloaded in Excel format from the public link provided by the authors. Two specific sheets were used: DGE_p; MIMIC_p; These were converted into a Stata .dta file containing the following variables:\neconomy \u2013 Country name;\n\nccode \u2013 ISO Alpha-3 country code;\ndge_paverage_1993_2019 \u2013 DGE measure of informality (average for 1993\u20132019);\nmimic_paverage_1993_2019 \u2013 MIMIC measure of informality (average for 1993\u20132019);\nvar4 and var5 \u2013 Duplicates of economy and ccode (included in the original file).\nThe replicators manually reviewed some of the values to ensure accuracy and confirmed that they match the original Excel source.\nThe second file, UNDERSTANDING INFORMALITY DATA SET.dta, was provided directly by one of the authors of the cited publication, Shu Yu (syu2@worldbank.org).\nThis file is not publicly available but is included in the reproducibility package for verification purposes.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package","name":"Informal Economy Database","uri":"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/research\/brief\/informal-economy-database","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/about\/legal\/terms-of-use-for-datasets","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)"},{"note":"Source: Luxembourg Income Study Database (LIS)\nDate Accessed: September 2024\nFile Location: Chapter 2\/raw\/Informal economy\/LIS SELF EMPLOYMENT.dta\nThe dataset is available through the LIS portal, but users must first create an account and request access. Once access is granted, users can download the relevant self-employment variable for the defined countries and years.\nThe final dataset includes four variables:\nccode: ISO Alpha-3 country code.\nyear: Year of the data (covering 1967\u20132022).\nself_emp_LIS: Self-employment rate. \nlself_emp_LIS: Natural logarithm of the previous variable. \nThis dataset covers the following countries: AUS, AUT, BEL, BRA, CAN, CHE, CHL, CHN, CIV, COL, CZE, DEU, DNK, DOM, EGY, ESP, EST, FIN, FRA, GBR, GEO, GRC, GTM, HUN, IND, IRL, ISL, ISR, ITA, JPN, LTU, LUX, MEX, MLI, NLD, NOR, PAN, PER, POL, PRY, PSE, ROU, RUS, SRB, SVK, SVN, SWE, TWN, URY, USA, VNM, ZAF. ","name":"Luxembourg Income Study Database (LIS) ","access_type":"Data is publicly available, but does not allow redistribution\n","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.lisdatacenter.org\/about-lis\/terms-of-use\/","uri":"https:\/\/www.lisdatacenter.org\/our-data\/lis-database\/"},{"name":"Annual Labour Force Surveys","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/en\/about\/terms-conditions.html","note":"Source: OECD Data Explorer, Annual labour force survey, summary tables.\nFile location: Chapter 2\/raw\/Informal economy\/OECD SELF EMPLOYMENT RATES.dta. \nAccess date: September 2024.\nThe authors created this file using data downloaded from the OECD Data Explorer (link below). The dataset includes the following variables:\nyear (1951\u20132022);\nccode (ISO Alpha-3 country code);\ninf_oecd (OECD self-employment rate indicator).","uri":"https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/en\/data\/indicators\/self-employment-rate.html?oecdcontrol-d7f68dbeee-var3=2021"},{"name":"The Quality of Government Standard Dataset","note":"Source: The QoG Standard dataset. Teorell, Jan, Aksel Sundstr\u00f6m, S\u00f6ren Holmberg, Bo Rothstein, Natalia Alvarado Pachon, Cem Mert Dalli, Rafael Lopez Valverde, Victor Saidi Phiri & Lauren Gerber. 2023. The Quality of Government Standard Dataset, version Jan23. University of Gothenburg: The Quality of Government Institute.\nFile location: Chapter 2\/raw\/Informal economy\/qog_std_ts_jan23_stata14.dta.\nAccess date: 2024.\nTo access the data, follow the link below and select the Stata, time series version (January 2023) download option.\nThe replicators reviewed whether the publicly available file matched the file provided by the authors. In most cases, both files (public and package) matched exactly. However, some values differ, likely due to periodic updates to the dataset. Importantly, the variables with significant differences are not used in the analysis.\nThe full report on these differences is included in the package under detailed_value_diffs, allowing users to compare values directly. In addition, the file comparison_report provides a broader comparison overview.\n","uri":"https:\/\/www.gu.se\/en\/quality-government\/qog-data\/data-downloads\/data-archive#accordion=5690fc4e-c905-46c5-b67b-11a88f2af390","access_type":"Data is publicly available, but does not allow redistribution","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.gu.se\/en\/quality-government\/qog-data\/data-downloads\/standard-dataset","license":"The QoF License"},{"name":"World Development Indicators","note":"Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators. \nFiles location: Chapter 2\/raw\/Informal economy\/value added_Extract_From_World_Development_Indicators.dta; working age population wdi.dta. \nVariables consulted: World Development Indicators 2023 (Gross value added at basic prices (GVA) (constant 2015 US$) & Gross value added at basic prices (GVA) (current US$)), Population 15-64 (total, % of population).\nAccess date: September 2024.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0)","license_uri":"https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/public-licenses#cc-by","uri":"https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/NY.GDP.FCST.KD?locations=AW-AF"},{"uri":"https:\/\/datahelpdesk.worldbank.org\/knowledgebase\/articles\/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package","license_uri":"https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/public-licenses#cc-by","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0)","note":"Source: World Bank. \nFiles location: Chapter 2\/raw\/Informal economy\/wb classification of economies.dta. \nAccess date: September 2024.\n","name":"World Bank Country and Lending Groups"},{"uri":"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/publication\/worldwide-governance-indicators","name":"Worldwide Governance Indicators","note":"Source: World Bank. \nFiles location: Chapter 2\/raw\/Informal economy\/wdi_governance.dta. \nAccess date: September 2024. \nDataset was downloaded from the following link and then a reshape by indicator was done to the data. \n","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package","license_uri":"https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/public-licenses#cc-by","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0)"},{"uri":"https:\/\/worldjusticeproject.org\/rule-of-law-index\/global\/2024\/Regulatory%20Enforcement\/historical","name":"WJP Rule of Law Index","note":"Source: World Justice Project.\nFile location: Chapter 2\/raw\/Informal economy\/WJP HISTORICAL DATA cleaned.dta.\nAccess date: September 2024.\nThe data was downloaded from the WJP link, reshaped, and consolidated into a single dataset containing a subset of variables.\n ","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package"},{"note":"Source: World Values Survey Association and Latinobar\u00f3metro Corporation.\nFile Location: Chapter 2\/raw\/Informal economy\/wvs final.dta\nAccess Date: September 2024\nThe dataset was constructed by the authors using publicly available microdata from the World Values Survey and Latinobar\u00f3metro.\nIt includes a single derived variable: cheating_on_taxes, which measures perceptions of whether cheating on taxes is justifiable.","access_type":"Data is included in the reproducibility package","name":"World Values Survey and Latinobar\u00f3metro \u2013 Tax Cheating Perceptions Data","uri":" World Values Survey (WVS): https:\/\/www.worldvaluessurvey.org\/WVSContents.jsp Latinobar\u00f3metro: https:\/\/www.latinobarometro.org\/latContents.jsp?Idioma=0&CMSID=Datos"},{"name":"Doing Business 2005\u20132019","note":"Source: World Bank. \nFiles location: Chapter 2\/raw\/Informal economy\/epl indices.dta.\nAccess date: September 2023. \nOriginal data is downloaded from the link below (Doing Business 2005\u20132019). The variable was produced as a special request by the team, following the methodology of Packard and Montenegro (2017), and constructed using principal component analysis. The resulting dataset is included in the reproducibility package. ","access_type":"Data is included in the reproducibility package","uri":"https:\/\/archive.doingbusiness.org\/en\/data","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0)","license_uri":"https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/public-licenses#cc-by"},{"name":"International Income Distribution Database (I2D2)","note":"Source: World Bank \u2013 International Income Distribution Database (I2D2), now replaced by the Global Monitoring Database (GMD) and Global Labor Database (GLD). These databases are internal World Bank resources and not publicly downloadable.\nFiles location: Chapter 2\/raw\/Informal economy\/house ownership.dta, i2d2_ilo_inf.dta, inf_i2d2_selfemp.dta.\nThese datasets were constructed by the team using harmonized microdata from I2D2\/GLD. They include indicators on:\nInformality (fimsize) \u2013 total informal employment\nSelf-employment (selfemp) \u2013 proportion of self-employed workers\nHome ownership (ownhouse) \u2013 proportion of households owning their home\nEach dataset also includes log-transformed variables for modeling:\nlinf_i2d2_fimsize;\nlinf_i2d2_selfemp;\nlownhouse.\nThe data cover a wide range of countries and years:\ni2d2_ilo_inf.dta \u2013 1974\u20132019;\ninf_i2d2_selfemp.dta \u2013 1974\u20132021;\nhouse ownership.dta \u2013 1960\u20132021.\nA detailed list of countries included in each dataset is provided in the README file in the reproducibility package.","access_type":"Data is no longer available and is not included in the reproducibility package. More information can be found in the README file. ","uri":"https:\/\/github.com\/worldbank\/gld\/tree\/main"},{"name":"Minimum Wage Data","note":"Source: This dataset was created by the team using information from the International Labour Organization (ILO) minimum wage database. The data were harmonized in purchasing power parity (PPP) dollars. \nDate Created: September 2024.\nFile Location: Chapter 2\/raw\/Informal economy\/minimum wage cleaned.dta","access_type":"Data is included in the package","uri":"https:\/\/ilostat.ilo.org\/topics\/wages\/"},{"note":"Source: Constructed by the team with information from national sources on social security contributions. \nFile Location: Chapter 2\/raw\/Informal economy\/social insurance tax 2006-2015 FINAL.dta.\nDate created: September 2024.\nVariables: Variables included:\nccode: ISO Alpha-3 country code;\nyear: Year of observation (2006\u20132015);\noads_ins: Social security contributions paid by insured individuals (other administrative datasets);\noads_emp: Social security contributions paid by employers (other administrative datasets);\noads_tot: Total social security contributions (insured + employer) (other administrative datasets);\nossp_ins: Social security contributions paid by insured individuals (official social security programs);\nossp_emp: Social security contributions paid by employers (official social security programs);\nossp_tot: Total social security contributions (insured + employer) (official social security programs);\nlossp_tot: Log-transformed total social security contributions (official social security programs).","name":"Social Security Contributions Data","access_type":"There is no documented way to access the data, and it is not included in the reproducibility package"}]},"tags":[{"tag":"DOI"},{"tag":"Open Code"},{"tag":"Restricted Data"}],"schematype":"script"}