{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","abbr":"DECDI","affiliation":"World Bank - Development Impact Department","role":"Verification and preparation of metadata"}],"prod_date":"2025-10-09","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"authoring_entity":[{"name":"Antonio Soares Martins Neto","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"asmartins@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Xavier Cirera","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"xcirera@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Marcio Cruz","affiliation":"International Finance Corporation","email":"marciocruz@ifc.org"}],"title_statement":{"title":"Reproducibility package for Higher Education Expansion And Firm Organization","idno":"RR_BRA_2025_429"},"software":[{"name":"Stata","version":"18.0 MP"}],"scripts":[{"title":"Reproducibility package for Higher Education Expansion And Firm Organization","date":"2025-10","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank.","instructions":"See README in reproducibility package.","file_name":"RR_BRA_2025_429","zip_package":"RR_BRA_2025_429.zip","dependencies":"Stata dependencies are listed in the ado folder."}],"repository_uri":[{"name":"Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank)","uri":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org"}],"production_date":"2025-10-09","abstract":"This paper investigates the impact of higher education expansion on firm performance in developing countries. It focuses on the significant expansion of higher education in Brazil between 2000 and 2012, which substantially increased higher education enrollment and graduation rates, thereby reducing the costs of hiring college-educated workers. Building on the theory of knowledge-based hierarchies and using a difference-in-differences approach and matching techniques, the paper finds that the surge in skilled labor supply led to a rise in the proportion of college-educated workers within firms in the treated microregions. This increase was accompanied by an increased probability of firms adding knowledge hierarchies, followed by a rise in productivity and an increased likelihood of export. The findings suggest that policies affecting the cost and accessibility of hiring professionals and managers can significantly influence firms\u2019 organizational structures, with implications for firm performance and productivity.","geographic_units":[{"name":"Brazil","code":"BRA"}],"output":[{"type":"Working Paper","description":"Policy Research Working Papers (PRWP) 11216","title":"Higher Education Expansion And Firm Organization","uri":"http:\/\/documents.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/099747109172560637","doi":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1596\/1813-9450-11216"}],"language":[{"name":"English","code":"EN"}],"disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","license":[{"name":"Modified BSD3","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/bsd-3-clause\/"}],"contacts":[{"name":"Antonio Soares Martins Neto","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"asmartins@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org"}],"datasets":[{"name":"Rela\u00e7\u00e3o Anual de Informa\u00e7\u00f5es Sociais (RAIS) - Annual census of formal workers of Brazil","note":"Source: Brazil Ministry of Labor.\nThe data contains employer and employee identifiers, municipality and industry codes, wages, and demographics.\nAccess is restricted and was obtained through a formal agreement between the Ministry of Labor and the World Bank.\nData files: \"Estab_1994.dta\", \"Estab_1995.dta\", \"Estab_1996.dta\", \"Estab_1997.dta\", \"Estab_1998.dta\", \"Estab_1999.dta\", \"Estab_2000.dta\", \"Estab_2001.dta\", \"Estab_2002.dta\", \"Estab_2003.dta\", \"Estab_2004.dta\", \"Estab_2005.dta\", \"Estab_2006.dta\", \"Estab_2007.dta\", \"Estab_2008.dta\", \"Estab_2009.dta\", \"Estab_2010.dta\", \"Estab_2011.dta\", \"Estab_2012.dta\", \"Estab_2013.dta\", \"Estab_2014.dta\", \"Estab_2015.dta\", \"Estab_2016.dta\", \"Estab_2017.dta\", \"Estab_2018.dta\", \"Estab_2019.dta\", \"Estab_2020.dta\".\nData for 1994-2019 was accessed in October 2019. Data for 2020 was accessed in December 2021.","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","citation":"Ministry of Labor of Brazil. n.d. \u201cRela\u00e7\u00e3o Anual de Informa\u00e7\u00f5es Sociais (RAIS).\u201d Unpublished data. Accessed in October 2019 and December 2021."},{"name":"Censo da Educa\u00e7\u00e3o Superior - Higher Education Census of Brazil","note":"Source: Brazil Ministry of Education.\nData files: \"MICRODADOS_CADASTRO_CURSOS_2009.CSV\", \"MICRODADOS_CADASTRO_CURSOS_2010.CSV\", \"MICRODADOS_CADASTRO_CURSOS_2011.CSV\", \"MICRODADOS_CADASTRO_CURSOS_2012.CSV\", \"MICRODADOS_CADASTRO_CURSOS_2013.CSV\", \"MICRODADOS_CADASTRO_CURSOS_2014.CSV\", \"MICRODADOS_CADASTRO_CURSOS_2015.CSV\", \"MICRODADOS_CADASTRO_CURSOS_2016.CSV\", \"MICRODADOS_CADASTRO_CURSOS_2017.CSV\", \"MICRODADOS_CADASTRO_CURSOS_2018.CSV\", \"MICRODADOS_CADASTRO_CURSOS_2019.CSV\", \"MICRODADOS_CADASTRO_CURSOS_2020.CSV\", \"MICRODADOS_CADASTRO_CURSOS_2021.CSV\".\nData was accessed in May 2024.","uri":"https:\/\/www.gov.br\/inep\/pt-br\/acesso-a-informacao\/dados-abertos\/microdados\/censo-da-educacao-superior","license_uri":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"CC BY 4.0","citation":"Ministry of Education of Brazil. \u201cCenso da Educa\u00e7\u00e3o Superior.\u201d Accessed in May 2024. https:\/\/www.gov.br\/inep\/pt-br\/acesso-a-informacao\/dados-abertos\/microdados\/censo-da-educacao-superior"},{"name":"Base de Dados Estat\u00edsticos de Propriedade Industrial (BADEPI) - Statistical database of intellectual property of Brazil","note":"Source: Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial - Brazil. Data file: \"BADEPI.dta\".\nData was accessed in June 2023.\nRaw data downloaded from the data URL was cleaned by consolidating multiple raw files into a single data table of patent applications, applicants, inventors, and classifications, creating variables for the year of application filing, year of granting, and year of rejection, and generating applicant-level counts of total and granted patents. Records without firm identifiers or foreign entities are dropped. The resulting file, \"BADEPI.dta\", contains one observation per patent application with applicant, inventor, and classification information. The script producing this is included in the reproducibility package as \"BADEPI.do\".","uri":"https:\/\/www.gov.br\/inpi\/pt-br\/inpi-data\/dados-e-series-temporais\/badepi","access_type":"Raw data is publicly available in the data URL but not included in the reproducibility package.","license_uri":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nd\/3.0\/deed.en","license":"Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported","citation":"Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial - Brazil. \u201cBase de Dados Estat\u00edsticos de Propriedade Industrial (BADEPI).\u201d Accessed in June 2023. https:\/\/www.gov.br\/inpi\/pt-br\/inpi-data\/dados-e-series-temporais\/badepi"},{"name":"Brazil Importing and Exporting Firms Database","note":"Source: Ministry of Economy of Brazil, accessed through Base dos Dados. \nThe data contain establishment-level observations identifying Brazilian firms that engaged in imports and exports between 1997 and 2021.\nVariables include CNPJ, firm name, legal nature, CNAE code, municipality, state, and trade activity (export, import, or both).\nRaw data was imported into Stata and saved into the file \"Exporters_Importers.dta\".\nData was accessed in June 2022 and it was freely accessible. As of October 2025, the data requires purchase.","uri":"https:\/\/basedosdados.org\/dataset\/5ebd8129-ae10-4ec6-bf97-8a43d0166fdb?table=253313e1-c0e9-402b-8649-986a4b94f654","access_type":"Data access requires purchase and is not included in the reproducibility package.","citation":"Ministry of Economy of Brazil.\n\"Brazil Importing and Exporting Firms Database.\"\nBase dos Dados.\nAccessed in June 2022.\nhttps:\/\/basedosdados.org\/dataset\/5ebd8129-ae10-4ec6-bf97-8a43d0166fdb?table=253313e1-c0e9-402b-8649-986a4b94f654"}],"technology_requirements":"Runtime: 24 hours","technology_environment":"Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:\n\u2022 OS: Windows Server 2016 Standard\n\u2022 Processor: Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E7-4890 v2 @ 2.80GHz 2.79 GHz (8 processors)\n\u2022 Memory available: 128 GB","reproduction_instructions":"1. **Access the data:** The RAIS dataset is restricted and only accessible through an institutional agreement. The Brazil Importing and Exporting Firms Database requires purchase to be accessed. The BADEPI dataset is publicly accessible but not included in the reproducibility package. Users need to gain access to the data files to be able to run the code.\n2. **Download and place the data:** Once all data are obtained, copy it to the corresponding folder \"Inputs\".\n3. **Run the code:** Change the global path in line 14 of the do-file \"0. Main\" to your working directory and run it.\n\nSince not all the data are included, the package includes the results produced during the virtual verification exercise. These files can be used to be compared against the paper exhibits. The reproducibility package also includes a log of the code run in the file \"log.txt\".","data_statement":"Data access might be possible, but it requires contacting the data owners and beginning an ad-hoc request or institutional agreement."},"tags":[{"tag":"DOI"},{"tag":"Open Code"},{"tag":"Restricted data"}],"schematype":"script"}