{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","abbr":"DECDI","affiliation":"World Bank - Development Impact Department","role":"Verification and preparation of metadata"}],"prod_date":"2025-10-15","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"authoring_entity":[{"name":"Daria Taglioni","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"dtaglioni@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Hiau Looi Kee","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"hlkee@worldbank.org"}],"title_statement":{"title":"Reproducibility package for It's Not (Just) The Tariffs: Rethinking Non-Tariff Measures In A Fragmented Global Economy","idno":"RR_WLD_2025_434"},"data_statement":"Some data is not yet publicly available but is expected to be made available through the World Bank Development Data Hub in the future.","software":[{"name":"R","version":"4.4.0"},{"name":"Stata","version":"18 MP"}],"scripts":[{"title":"Reproducibility package for It's Not (Just) The Tariffs: Rethinking Non-Tariff Measures In A Fragmented Global Economy","date":"2025-10","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank.","instructions":"See README in reproducibility package.","file_name":"RR_WLD_2025_434","zip_package":"RR_WLD_2025_434.zip","dependencies":"R dependencies are listed in the file renv.lock. Stata dependencies are listed in the ado folder."}],"repository_uri":[{"name":"Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank)","uri":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org"}],"production_date":"2025-10-15","abstract":"As tariffs have declined, non-tariff measures (NTMs) have become central to trade policy, especially in high-income countries and regulated sectors like food and green technologies. While NTMs serve legitimate goals, they could also sort countries and firms into or out of markets based on compliance capacity and differences in product mix across countries and firms. Documenting recent advances in the estimation of ad valorem equivalents (AVEs), this paper uncovers new patterns of NTM use and exposure. High-income countries rely more heavily on NTMs relative to tariffs, while low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) face steeper AVEs on their exports. Firm-level evidence shows NTMs disproportionately affect smaller firms and can cause market exit and concentration. Poorly designed NTMs can harm productivity and welfare, while coordinated, capacity-aware use can deliver inclusive outcomes. Policy design, transparency, and diagnostics must evolve to reflect the growing role\u2014and risks\u2014of NTMs in a fragmented global trade landscape.","geographic_units":[{"name":"World","code":"WLD"}],"keywords":[{"name":"Tariffs"},{"name":"Non-Tariff Measures"},{"name":"Trade Policies"},{"name":"Regulatory Sorting"}],"topics":[{"id":"F13","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Trade Policy \u2022 International Trade Organizations","parent_id":"F1"},{"id":" F18","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Trade and Environment","parent_id":"F1"}],"output":[{"type":"Working Paper","description":"Policy Research Working Papers (PRWP)","title":"It's Not (Just) The Tariffs: Rethinking Non-Tariff Measures In A Fragmented Global Economy"}],"language":[{"name":"English","code":"EN"}],"technology_requirements":"Run time: ~ 10 minutes","disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","license":[{"name":"Modified BSD3","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/bsd-3-clause\/"}],"contacts":[{"name":"Daria Taglioni","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"dtaglioni@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org"}],"datasets":[{"name":"World Development Indicators","note":"Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators. Variables included: GDP per capita (constant 2015 US$, NY.GDP.PCAP.KD) \n\nFiles: data\/GDP\/GDP_constant_prices.xls","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0)","license_uri":"https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/public-licenses#cc-by","uri":"https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/NY.GDP.PCAP.KD"},{"name":"Database of Ad Valorem Equivalent of Non-Tariff Measures (DAVE-NTM)","note":"Source: Kee, H. L., & Nicita, A. (2022). Trade Fraud and Non-Tariff Measures. Journal of International Economics, 139 , 103682. Follow the link and download the file \"Data for AVE estimation\", this is masterdatasetJIE.dta file. \n\nFiles: data\/JIE_data\/masterdatasetJIE.dta \n \n","uri":"https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/int\/search\/dataset\/0062862","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0)","license_uri":"https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/int\/public-licenses?fragment=cc"},{"access_type":"Forthcoming on Development Data Hub.","note":"Source: Kee, H. L., & Xie, E. (2024). Trade Policies Mix and Match: Theory, Evidence and the Sino-EU Battery Electric Vehicle Disputes. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper (10855). & Zavala, L., Fernandes, A. M., Haygood, R., Reed, T., & Reyes, J. D. (2023). Quality Regulation Creates and Reallocates Trade. World Bank Working Paper (10601). This dataset contains two time series ranging from 1990 to 2018. The first one is the world average applied tariff (From Zavala 2023),  the second one the notifications to the WTO (From Kee, 2024).\n\nFiles: data\/JIE_data\/NTM_Tariff.dta ","name":"Trade Policy and Tariff Measures Dataset"},{"access_type":"Data is publicly available but does not allow redistribution.","note":"Source: Market Access Map, International Trade Centre, www.macmap.org. This dataset is a bulk download that contains the information at an 6-digit HS level on the applied tariffs for bilateral trade flows for USA on 2021. Follow the instructions in the README to download the dataset. \nFiles: data\/Tariffs\/MAcMap-USA_2021_Tariff_HS6_min\n","name":"Market Access Map Database","uri":"https:\/\/www.macmap.org\/"},{"name":"UN COMTRADE Global Trade data","note":"Source: : Data was accessed through a query on the UN COMTRADE database executed through World Integrated Trade Solution (https:\/\/wits.worldbank.org\/). The README contains more information on how to reproduce the exact query.\nFiles: data\/US_imports\/US_imports.csv","access_type":"Data is publicly available but does not allow redistribution.","uri":"https:\/\/wits.worldbank.org\/","license_uri":"https:\/\/comtrade.un.org\/licenseagreement.html"}],"technology_environment":"Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:\n\u2022 OS: Windows 11 Enterprise\n\u2022 Processor: INTEL(R) XEON(R) PLATINUM 8562Y+ 2.80 GHz (4 processors)\n\u2022 Memory available: 32 GB","reproduction_instructions":"1. **Secure Access to Data:** Access the datasets not included in the package. See subsection Datasets and the README for more details.\n2. **Download and Place Data:** Once the data is accessed, users should place it in the appropriate folder.\n3. **Run the Package:** After placing the data in the folder, run the files in the order:\n      - Update the global in line 36 of the do-file \"Master_dofile\" to your folder's location and run the do-file. \n      - Open the R project \"NTM\" and run the script \"Figure5\".\n\nSince all the data is not included, the package includes the results produced by replicators in the Results folder. These files can be used to review the results presented in the paper."},"tags":[{"tag":"DOI"},{"tag":"Forthcoming Data"},{"tag":"Open Code"}],"schematype":"script"}