{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","abbr":"DECDI","affiliation":"World Bank - Development Impact Department","role":"Verification and preparation of metadata"}],"prod_date":"2025-10-16","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"authoring_entity":[{"name":"Nadia Belhaj Hassine Belghith","affiliation":"World Bank Poverty and Equity Global Department","email":"nbelghith@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Francine Claire Fernandez","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"ffernandez@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Benjamin Aaron Lavin","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"benjaminlavin17@gmail.com"}],"title_statement":{"title":"Reproducibility package for Inequality, Education, And Occupational Change In The Philippines","idno":"RR_PHL_2025_416"},"data_statement":"Some data is not yet publicly available but is expected to be made available through the World Bank Development Data Hub in the future.","software":[{"name":"Stata","version":"18 MP"}],"scripts":[{"title":"Reproducibility package for Inequality, Education, And Occupational Change In The Philippines","date":"2025-10","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank.","instructions":"See README in reproducibility package.","file_name":"RR_PHL_2025_416","zip_package":"RR_PHL_2025_416.zip","dependencies":"Stata dependencies are listed in the ado folder."}],"repository_uri":[{"name":"Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank)","uri":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org"}],"production_date":"2025-10-16","abstract":"Despite significant progress in reducing poverty, the Philippines continues to face high inequality, which remained elevated in the early 2000s as the economy grew. Although inequality has gradually declined since 2012, it remains among the highest in Southeast Asia. This paper examines  how changes in education levels and occupational structure have shaped the wage distribution over the past two decades, particularly how changes in the relative supply of skills and the structure of employment have influenced wage gaps in recent years.\nUsing two decades of labor force survey data, the paper examines the wage premium and the supply of skilled workers in the Philippines, finding that the slow growth in college-educated workers has sustained a high wage premium for skilled workers. Unconditional quantile regressions reveal that returns to both college education and high-skill occupations increase monotonically over the wage distribution, contributing to the persistence of inequality. Changes in occupational structure have also influenced income distribution. Low- and middle-skilled jobs saw relative wage gains from 2002 to 2012, but middle-skilled occupations experienced the highest growth from 2012 to 2016\u2014a key driver behind falling wage inequality. Employment trends followed a similar pattern, with middle-skilled job growth peaking in 2012-2016. Recent trends suggest a shift away from middle-skilled jobs, though it remains uncertain whether this reflects structural changes in the labor market  or temporary disruptions.\n","geographic_units":[{"name":"Philippines","code":"PHL"}],"keywords":[{"name":"Wage Inequality"},{"name":"Skills"},{"name":"Occupational Choice"},{"name":"Polarization"},{"name":"Rif-Regressions"}],"topics":[{"id":"J31","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Wage Level and Structure \u2022 Wage Differentials","parent_id":"J3"},{"id":" J24","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Human Capital \u2022 Skills \u2022 Occupational Choice \u2022 Labor Productivity","parent_id":"J2"},{"id":" C31","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Cross-Sectional Models \u2022 Spatial Models \u2022 Treatment Effect Models \u2022 Quantile Regressions \u2022 Social Interaction Models","parent_id":"C3"}],"output":[{"type":"Working Paper","description":"Policy Research Working Papers (PRWP)","title":"Inequality, Education, And Occupational Change In The Philippines"}],"language":[{"name":"English","code":"EN"}],"technology_requirements":"Run time: ~ 1 hour","disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","license":[{"name":"Modified BSD3","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/bsd-3-clause\/"}],"contacts":[{"name":"Nadia Belhaj Hassine Belghith","affiliation":"World Bank Poverty and Equity Global Department","email":"nbelghith@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org"}],"reproduction_instructions":"1. **Secure Access to Data:** Access the datasets not included in the package. See subsection Datasets and the README for more details.\n2. **Download and Place Data:** Once the data is accessed, users should place it in the appropriate folder.\n3. **Run the Package:** After placing the data in the folder, run the files in the order:\n      - Update the global in line 11 of the do-file \"main1\" to your folder's location and run the harmonization code.\n      - Update the global in line 15 of the do-file \"main2\" to your folder's location and run the analysis code.\n\nSince all the data is not included, the package includes the results produced by replicators. These files can be used to review the results presented in the paper.","technology_environment":"Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:\n\u2022 OS: Windows 11 Enterprise\n\u2022 Processor: INTEL(R) XEON(R) PLATINUM 8562Y+ 2.80 GHz (2 processors)\n\u2022 Memory available: 32.0 GB","datasets":[{"license_uri":"https:\/\/psada.psa.gov.ph\/access-conditions","note":"Source: Labor Force Survey, National Statistics Office, Manila, Philippines. Users can register on the website and download the raw data files for each year from \u201cLFS_PUF_October_2002\u201d to LFS_PUF_October_2022\u201d,  LFS_PUF_July_2023\u201d, and \u201cLFS PUF January 2024\u201d. ","name":"Philippines Labor Force Survey","uri":"https:\/\/psada.psa.gov.ph\/catalog\/LFS\/about","access_type":"Data is publicly available but does not allow redistribution."},{"name":"Education harmonization label","note":"Source: Custom data files created by the authors to harmonize educational attainment across different LFS rounds, accounting for changes in the Philippine education system. \nFile location: 0-Harmonization\/Do Files Harmonization LFS","access_type":"Data is restricted and access is limited to World Bank staff.","uri":"https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/int\/search\/dataset\/0066927\/education_harmonization_label"},{"name":"Harmonization of PHL LFS rounds","note":"Source: Custom data files created by the authors to harmonize  industry and occupation variables across years. The dataset includes six Stata files (IndLabel_2012_2013.dta, IndLabel_2016_2019.dta, OccLabel_2020.dta, PSIC_2_to_1_digit.dta, PSOC_1992to2012.dta, PSOC_2012balancedocc.dta). These files are forthcoming on Development Data Hub. \nFile location: 0-Harmonization\/Do Files Harmonization LFS","uri":"https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/int\/search\/dataset\/0066928\/harmonization_of_phl_lfs_rounds","access_type":"Data is restricted and access is limited to World Bank staff."}]},"tags":[{"tag":"DOI"},{"tag":"Forthcoming Data"},{"tag":"Open Code"}],"schematype":"script"}