{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","abbr":"DECDI","affiliation":"World Bank - Development Impact Department","role":"Verification and preparation of metadata"}],"prod_date":"2025-10-10","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"title_statement":{"idno":"RR_DOM_2025_271","title":"Reproducibility package for The Impact of Technology on Migration to the United States from Central America and the Dominican Republic"},"authoring_entity":[{"name":"Mariana Viollaz","affiliation":"Center for Distributive, Labor and Social Studies (CEDLAS) ","email":"marianaviollaz@gmail.com"},{"name":"Luis Laguinge","email":"luislaguinge4@gmail.com","affiliation":"Center for Distributive, Labor and Social Studies (CEDLAS) "},{"name":"Harry Moroz","email":"hmoroz@worldbank.org","affiliation":"World Bank"}],"production_date":"2025-10-10","abstract":"Labor markets in Central America and the Dominican Republic (CADR) face limited direct impacts from technological advancements compared to developed countries. However, substantial migration flows to high-income countries, particularly the United States (US), mean that the impacts of technological change do not stop at country borders. During the past 50 years recent migrants from both CADR and non-CADR countries, like US nonmigrant workers, have shifted out of production jobs requiring (automatable) routine manual and cognitive skills. While recent non-CADR migrants and US nonmigrants transitioned to higher-skilled work intensive in nonroutine cognitive and interpersonal tasks (e.g., management), recent CADR migrants shifted toward jobs intensive in nonroutine manual tasks (e.g., construction) and, to a lesser extent, in nonroutine interpersonal tasks (e.g., serving). In essence, migrants from other middle- and high-income countries have benefited from the same technology-skill complementarity as nonmigrant US workers, whereas CADR migrants seem to have filled the lower-skilled jobs created alongside technological advancement. The low-skill bias of CADR migrants suggests greater vulnerability to disruption from AI and mobile robotics, but less from language models like ChatGPT. Closer analysis of US robot adoption between 2000 and 2019 shows no effect on total CADR migration flows but impacts on high-skilled flows between 2010 and 2019. Adoption in the early 2000s improved labor market outcomes for high-skilled CADR migrants but in low-skilled nonroutine occupations. Between 2010 and 2019, the demand expansion effect that seems to explain this improvement weakened. Robot adoption led to less demand for high-educated CADR migrants during this latter decade.","geographic_units":[{"code":"DOM","name":"Dominican Republic"}],"topics":[{"id":"J21","vocabulary":"JEL Classifications","name":" Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure ","url":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","parent_id":"J2"},{"id":"J24","vocabulary":"JEL Classifications","name":" Human Capital; Skills; Occupational Choice; Labor Productivity ","url":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","parent_id":"J2"},{"id":"J61","vocabulary":"JEL Classifications","name":" Geographic Labor Mobility; Immigrant Workers ","url":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","parent_id":"J6"}],"keywords":[{"name":"Central America"},{"name":"Dominican Republic"},{"name":"El Salvador"},{"name":"Employment"},{"name":"Guatemala"},{"name":"Work"},{"name":"Honduras"},{"name":"Migration"},{"name":"Skills"},{"name":"Tasks"}],"output":[{"type":"Working Paper","title":"The Impact of Technology on Migration to the United States from Central America and the Dominican Republic","description":"Policy Research Working Papers (PRWP)"}],"language":[{"name":"English","code":"EN"}],"software":[{"name":"Stata","version":"18 MP"}],"scripts":[{"file_name":"RR_DOM_2025_271","zip_package":"RR_DOM_2025_271.zip","title":" Reproducibility package for The Impact of Technology on Migration to the United States from Central America and the Dominican Republic","date":"2025-10","dependencies":"Stata dependencies are listed in the ado folder.","instructions":"See README in reproducibility package.","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank."}],"disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","license":[{"name":"Modified BSD3","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/bsd-3-clause\/"}],"contacts":[{"email":"hmoroz@worldbank.org","affiliation":"World Bank","name":"Harry Edmund Moroz"},{"name":"Luis Laguinge","affiliation":"Center for Distributive, Labor and Social Studies (CEDLAS) ","email":"luislaguinge4@gmail.com"},{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org"}],"datasets":[{"name":"Occupational Listings","note":"Source 1: \u201cCrosswalk 2000 to 2006 - Occupational Listings.\u201d O*NET Resource Center, National Center for O*NET Development, www.onetcenter.org\/taxonomy\/2006\/walk.html. \nSource 2: \u201cCrosswalk 2006 to 2009 - Occupational Listings.\u201d O*NET Resource Center, National Center for O*NET Development, www.onetcenter.org\/taxonomy\/2009\/walk.html. \nSource 3: \u201cCrosswalk 2009 to 2010 - Occupational Listings.\u201d O*NET Resource Center, National Center for O*NET Development, www.onetcenter.org\/taxonomy\/2010\/walk.html. \nFile location: raw\/ONET\nFile names:  2000_to_2006_Crosswalk.xlsx; 2006_to_2009_Crosswalk.xlsx; 2009_to_2010_Crosswalk.xlsx\n","access_type":"Publicly available and included in the package. ","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.onetcenter.org\/license.html"},{"name":"International Migrant Stock 2020","note":"Files: raw\/UN\/undesa_pd_2020_ims_stock_by_sex_destination_and_origin.xlsx","uri":"https:\/\/www.un.org\/development\/desa\/pd\/content\/international-migrant-stock","access_type":"Publicly available and included in the package. ","citation":"United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2020). International Migrant Stock 2020."},{"name":"World Population Prospects 2024","note":"Files: raw\/UN\/WPP2024_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_FULL.xlsx\n","access_type":"Publicly available and included in the package. ","citation":"United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2024). World Population Prospects 2024, Online Edition. Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100"},{"uri":"https:\/\/population.un.org\/wpp\/downloads?folder=Archive&group=Standard%20Projections","name":"World Population Prospects 2022","note":"Files: raw\/UN\/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS.xlsx","access_type":"Publicly available and included in the package. ","citation":"United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2022). World Population Prospects 2022, Online Edition.  Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100."},{"uri":"https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/oes\/tables.htm","name":"Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics","note":"Files: raw\/BLS\/national_M2010_dl.xls","access_type":"Publicly available and included in the package. ","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/opub\/copyright-information.htm#:~:text=The%20Bureau%20of%20Labor%20Statistics,Labor%20Statistics%20as%20the%20source.","citation":" Bureau of Labor Statistics, Department of Labor. Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) Survey. May 2010 OES Estimates."},{"note":"Complied by the author. Requires subscription to ScienceDirect. Instructions in the README. \nFiles: raw\/FO\/frey_osborne_appendix.xlsx","name":"Probability of Computerisation Across Occupations","uri":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0040162516302244#s0110","access_type":"Data access requires purchase or human approval and is not included in the reproducibility package.","citation":"Frey, C. B., & Osborne, M. A. (2017). The future of employment: How susceptible are jobs to computerisation? Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 114, 254\u2013280. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.techfore.2016.08.019"},{"note":"This database is not publicly available and was shared by the authors upon request. For access inquiries, contact pamela@openai.com. More details in the README. \nFiles: raw\/TE\/occ_level_abc (1).csv; eloundou_soc_acs.xlsx\n","access_type":"Data is restricted and not included in the package. Please contact the person above to access the data. ","name":"Exposure to Generative Pre-trained Transformers (GPTs) by Occupation","citation":"Eloundou, T., Manning, S., Mishkin, P., and Rock, D. 2023. \"GPTs Are GPTs: An Early Look at the Labor Market Impact Potential of Large Language Models,\" arXiv preprint arXiv:2303.10130. "},{"note":"See the \u201cTask measure construction\u201d file under \"Skills, Tasks and Technologies: Implications for Employment and Earnings\" at the link provided under Data URL.\nFiles: raw\/AA\/onet-soc.dta","uri":"https:\/\/economics.mit.edu\/people\/faculty\/daron-acemoglu\/data-archive","access_type":"Publicly available and included in the package. ","name":"Routinization Measures by Occupation ","citation":"Acemoglu, Daron & Autor, David, 2011. \"Skills, Tasks and Technologies: Implications for Employment and Earnings,\" Handbook of Labor Economics, in: O. Ashenfelter & D. Card (ed.), Handbook of Labor Economics, edition 1, volume 4, chapter 12, pages 1043-1171, Elsevier."},{"note":"Source 1: David Autor, David Dorn and Gordon Hanson. \"When Work Disappears: Manufacturing Decline and the Falling Marriage-Market Value of Young Men.\" American Economic Review: Insights, 1(2): 161-178, 2019. \nSource 2: David Autor and David Dorn. \"The Growth of Low Skill Service Jobs and the Polarization of the U.S. Labor Market.\" American Economic Review, 103(5), 1553-1597, 2013. \nFile location: raw\/DD. \nFiles: cw_puma2010_czone.dta; cw_puma2000_czone.dta","uri":"https:\/\/www.ddorn.net\/data.htm","name":"Census Geography to Commuting Zone Linkage","access_type":"Publicly available and included in the package. "},{"note":"Source 1: World Bank. \nSource 2: Manually compiled database linking IPUMS birthplace codes (https:\/\/usa.ipums.org\/usa-action\/variables\/BPL#codes_section) to World Bank Group country income classifications for 2023.\nFile location: raw\/WB\nFiles: OGHIST.xlsx; country_income_wb.dta\n","name":"World Bank country classification by income level","uri":"https:\/\/datahelpdesk.worldbank.org\/knowledgebase\/articles\/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups","access_type":"Publicly available and included in the package. "},{"name":"Sector-Level Robot Adoption Data","note":"Source: International Federation of Robotics. The dataset provides information on industrial robot adoption by sector from 1993 to 2020. Data were purchased directly from the International Federation of Robotics (https:\/\/ifr.org\/)  and are not publicly available. For additional information about the database reach out to the authors of the paper. \nFiles: raw\/IFR\/table_industry.dta","access_type":"Data access requires purchase or human approval and is not included in the reproducibility package."},{"note":"Compiled by the authors using the linked document. \nFiles: raw\/2010soc_acs.xlsx ; 2010soc_acs.dta","uri":"https:\/\/www.census.gov\/programs-surveys\/acs\/microdata\/documentation.2010.html#list-tab-1370939201","access_type":"Publicly available and included in the package. ","name":"2010 American Community Survey PUMS Data Dictionary","citation":"U.S. Census Bureau. American Community Survey (ACS) 2010 Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) Data Dictionary."},{"name":"U.S. Census and American Community Survey (ACS)","note":"The folder ACS stores the raw versions of the ACS 1-year samples for 2000\u20132021 and the 1970, 1980, 1990, and 2000 U.S. Census samples. These databases were downloaded from the IPUMS USA website in June 2023. Detailed instructions in the README.\nFiles: raw\/ACS\/ sample_1970_raw.dta, sample_1980_raw.dta, sample_1990_raw.dta, sample_2000_census_raw.dta, sample_2000_raw.dta-sample_2021_raw.dta\n","citation":"Ruggles, S., Flood, S., Foster, S., Goeken, R., Pacas, J., Schouweiler, M., & Sobek, M. (2023). IPUMS USA: Version 13.0 [dataset]. IPUMS, University of Minnesota. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18128\/D010.V13.0","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.ipums.org\/about\/terms","access_type":"Data is publicly available but does not allow redistribution."}],"data_statement":"Some data is restricted and has not been included in the reproducibility package. For more details, please refer to the README file.","technology_requirements":"Run time: ~ 6 hours","technology_environment":"Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:\n\u2022 OS: Windows 11 Enterprise\n\u2022 Processor: INTEL(R) XEON(R) PLATINUM 8562Y+ 2.80 GHz (4 processors)\n\u2022 Memory available: 32.0 GB","reproduction_instructions":"1. **Secure Access to Data:** Access the datasets not included in the package. See subsection Datasets and the README for more details.\n2. **Download and Place Data:** Once the data is accessed, users should place it in the appropriate folder.\n3. **Run the Package:** After placing the data in the folder, run the files in the order:\n      - Update the global in line 12 of the do-file \"main_dofile\" to your folder's location and run the code.\n\nSince all the data is not included, the package includes the results produced by replicators. These files can be used to review the results presented in the paper."},"tags":[{"tag":"DOI"},{"tag":"Open Code"},{"tag":"Restricted Data"}],"schematype":"script"}