{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","abbr":"DECDI","affiliation":"World Bank - Development Impact Department","role":"Verification and preparation of metadata"}],"prod_date":"2025-10-19","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"authoring_entity":[{"name":"Hiau Looi Kee","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"hlkee@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Enze Xie","affiliation":"School of Economics, Zhejiang University","email":"enzexie@zju.edu.cn"}],"title_statement":{"title":"Reproducibility package for Nickel, Steel And Cars: Export Ban And Domestic Value Added In Indonesia","idno":"RR_IDN_2025_421"},"data_statement":"Some data is restricted and has not been included in the reproducibility package.","software":[{"name":"Stata","version":"18.5 MP"}],"scripts":[{"title":"Reproducibility package for Nickel, Steel And Cars: Export Ban And Domestic Value Added In Indonesia","date":"2025-10","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank.","instructions":"See README in reproducibility package.","file_name":"RR_IDN_2025_421","zip_package":"RR_IDN_2025_421.zip","dependencies":"Stata dependencies are listed in the ado folder."}],"repository_uri":[{"name":"Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank)","uri":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org"}],"production_date":"2025-10-19","abstract":"Nickel is essential for producing iron and steel. Endowed with the world's largest reserve, Indonesia banned nickel exports in 2014 to promote industrialization. This paper studies the impacts of the export ban on downstream steel-using industries. A three-sector model shows that, while the export ban could raise the domestic value-added ratio (DVAR) in exports, the entry of smaller, inefficient firms led to aggregate efficiency losses downstream. Firm-level evidence confirms higher DVAR, smaller firm size, and larger entrant shares in downstream industries post the export ban. A field mission validated these results, while noting the continued heavy reliance on imported steel.","geographic_units":[{"name":"Indonesia","code":"IDN"}],"keywords":[{"name":"Export Ban"},{"name":"Domestic Value Added In Exports"},{"name":"Industrial Policy"},{"name":"Monopsony"},{"name":"Critical Mineral"},{"name":"Efficiency Loss"}],"topics":[{"id":"F13","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Trade Policy \u2022 International Trade Organizations","parent_id":"F1"},{"id":" F14","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Empirical Studies of Trade","parent_id":"F1"},{"id":" F52","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"National Security \u2022 Economic Nationalism","parent_id":"F5"},{"id":" L13","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Oligopoly and Other Imperfect Markets","parent_id":"L1"},{"id":" L52","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Industrial Policy \u2022 Sectoral Planning Methods","parent_id":"L5"}],"output":[{"type":"Working Paper","description":"Policy Research Working Papers (PRWP)","title":"Nickel, Steel And Cars: Export Ban And Domestic Value Added In Indonesia"}],"language":[{"name":"English","code":"EN"}],"technology_requirements":"Runtime: 10 minutes.","disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","license":[{"name":"Modified BSD3","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/bsd-3-clause\/"}],"contacts":[{"name":"Hiau Looi Kee","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"hlkee@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org"}],"datasets":[{"name":"World Bank Commodity Markets Data (Pink sheet)","note":"Source: World Bank.\nFile: \"Commodity_price.xlsx\".\nAccessed in May 2024.\n","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0) with additional terms of use specified in the license URL","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/about\/legal\/terms-of-use-for-datasets","uri":"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/research\/commodity-markets","citation":"World Bank.\nn.d.\n\"Commodity Markets Data (Pink sheet) [dataset]\".\nAccessed in May 2024.\nhttps:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/research\/commodity-markets"},{"name":"World Integrated Trade Solution - Product Concordance","note":"Source: World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS), World Bank.\nThe data contain the correspondence between product codes and classification for different versions of the Harmonized System (HS), OECD product codes, and United Stated International Trade Commission (USITC) product codes.\nFiles: \"correspondence_table.xlsx\", \"HS2017HS2012.xlsx\", \"HS2022HS2012.xlsx\", \"HS2017HS2012.dta\".\nAccessed in April 2025.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0) with additional terms of use specified in the license URL","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/about\/legal\/terms-of-use-for-datasets","uri":"https:\/\/wits.worldbank.org\/product_concordance.html","citation":"World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS), World Bank.\nn.d.\n\"Product Concordance [dataset]\".\nAccessed in April 2025.\nhttps:\/\/wits.worldbank.org\/product_concordance.html"},{"name":"Indonesian exports by firm, product, destination, year","note":"Source: Indonesia Customs.\nThe data contain the exports by firm, product, destination, and year for Indonesia for years 2015-2022.\nData was accessed in March 2024 via the World Bank Indonesia Country Office and is managed by Csilla Lakatos (clakatos1@worldbank.org).\nFile: \"customs_export.dta\".","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data manager. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","citation":"Indonesia Customs.\nn.d.\n\"Indonesian Exports by firm, product, destination, year for 2015-2022 [dataset]\".\nAccessed through the the World Bank Indonesia Country Office.\nUnpublished data.\nAccessed in March 2024."},{"name":"KBKI Correspondence with the KKI 1998\/1999, KBLI 2009, and HS 2012-Book 5","note":"Source: BPS-Statistics Indonesia.\nThe original data contain the correspondence between the commodity code in the Standard Classification of Indonesian Commodities (KBBI), the code of Indonesian Commodities Classification (KKI) 1998\/1999, the Standard Classification of Indonesian Business Field (KBLI) 2009 Prints III, the and Harmonized System (HS) 2012.\nFor the reproducibility package, the data used only contains the correspondence between the Standard Classification of Indonesian Business Field (KBLI) 2009 Prints III, and the Harmonized System (HS) 2012.\nThe data was accessed in May 2025. It was manually compiled from the book in the data URL and saved in the Stata file \"HS4ISIC4.dta\".","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","uri":"https:\/\/www.bps.go.id\/en\/publication\/2015\/12\/31\/31467cc4cc0bc79f11bfe64c\/korespondensi-kbkidengan-kki-1998-1999-kbli-2009-hs-2012-buku-5-komoditas-jasa--seksi5-9-.html","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.bps.go.id\/en\/term-of-use","citation":"BPS-Statistics Indonesia.\n2015.\n\"KBKI Correspondence with the KKI 1998\/1999, KBLI 2009, and HS 2012-Book 5 [dataset]\".\nISSN\/ISBN: 978-979-064-928-6.\nAccessed in May 2025.\nhttps:\/\/www.bps.go.id\/en\/publication\/2015\/12\/31\/31467cc4cc0bc79f11bfe64c\/korespondensi-kbkidengan-kki-1998-1999-kbli-2009-hs-2012-buku-5-komoditas-jasa--seksi5-9-.html"},{"name":"Indonesia Manufacturing Firm Survey","note":"Source: BPS-Statistics Indonesia.\nThe data contain characteristics of Indonesian manufacturing firms for 2009-2019.\nData was accessed in March 2024 via the World Bank Indonesia Country Office and is managed by Mochamad Pasha\n(mpasha1@worldbank.org).\nFiles: \"MFSurvey0915.dta\", \"MFSurvey2017_2019.dta\", \"Ready2DVAR.dta\", \"MFSurvey_DVAR.dta\".\n","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data manager. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","citation":"BPS-Statistics Indonesia.\nn.d.\n\"Indonesia Manufacturing Firm Survey [dataset]\".\nAccessed through the the World Bank Indonesia Country Office.\nUnpublished data.\nAccessed in March 2024."}],"reproduction_instructions":"1. **Access the data and code:** Two datasets used in the reproducibility package are restricted and were accessed by contacting the data managers. Data cleaning and analysis codes are temporarily embargoed by the author. Users need to gain access to the data and code files to be able to reproduce the results.\n2. **Place the data and code:** Once all data and code files are obtained, paste all files in the corresponding folders according to the README.\n3. **Run the code:** Add the root folder in line 11 of the do-file \"main\" and run it.","technology_environment":"Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:\n\u2022 OS: Windows 11 Enterprise, version 23H3\n\u2022 Processor: Intel(R) Xeon(R) Platinum 8562Y+ 2.80 GHz (2 processors)\n\u2022 Memory available: 64 GB"},"tags":[{"tag":"DOI"},{"tag":"Open Code"},{"tag":"Restricted code"},{"tag":"Restricted Data"}],"schematype":"script"}