{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","abbr":"DECDI","affiliation":"World Bank - Development Impact Department","role":"Verification and preparation of metadata"}],"prod_date":"2025-10-14","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"authoring_entity":[{"name":"Atsushi Iimi","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"aiimi@worldbank.org"}],"title_statement":{"title":"Reproducibility package for Direct And Indirect Impacts Of Transport Mobility On Access To Jobs: Evidence From South Africa","idno":"RR_ZAF_2025_449"},"software":[{"name":"Stata","version":"18.0 MP"},{"name":"Excel","version":"Microsoft Excel for Microsoft 365 MSO (Version 2508 Build 16.0.19127.20314)"}],"scripts":[{"title":"Reproducibility package for Direct And Indirect Impacts Of Transport Mobility On Access To Jobs: Evidence From South Africa","date":"2025-10","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank.","instructions":"See README in reproducibility package.","file_name":"RR_ZAF_2025_449","zip_package":"RR_ZAF_2025_449.zip","dependencies":"Stata dependencies are listed in the ado folder."}],"repository_uri":[{"name":"Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank)","uri":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org"}],"production_date":"2025-10-14","abstract":"Access to jobs is essential for economic growth. In Africa, unemployment rates are notably high. This paper reexamines the relationship between transport mobility and labor market outcomes, with a particular focus on the direct and indirect effects of transport connectivity. As predicted by theory, wages are influenced by the level of commuting deterrence. Generally, higher earnings are associated with longer commute times and\/or higher commuting costs. Local accessibility is also important especially for individuals with time constraints. Both direct and indirect impacts are found to be significant in South Africa, where job accessibility has been challenging since the end of apartheid. For the direct impact, the wage elasticity associated with commuting costs is significant. Returns on commute are particularly high for women. Local accessibility to socioeconomic facilities, such as shops and health services, is also found to have a significant impact, consistent with the concept of mobility of care. To enhance employment, therefore, it is crucial to connect people not only to job locations but also to various socioeconomic points of interest, such as markets and hospitals, in an integrated manner. This integration will enable individuals to spend more time working and commuting longer distances.","geographic_units":[{"name":"South Africa","code":"ZAF"}],"keywords":[{"name":"Jobs"},{"name":"Wages"},{"name":"Labor Force Participation"},{"name":"Transportation"},{"name":"Gender Gaps"}],"topics":[{"id":"J21","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure","parent_id":"J2"},{"id":" J31","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Wage Level and Structure \u2022 Wage Differentials","parent_id":"J3"},{"id":" O18","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Urban, Rural, Regional, and Transportation Analysis \u2022 Housing \u2022 Infrastructure","parent_id":"O1"},{"id":" R41","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Transportation: Demand, Supply, and Congestion \u2022 Travel Time \u2022 Safety and Accidents \u2022 Transportation Noise","parent_id":"R4"}],"output":[{"type":"Working Paper","description":"Policy Research Working Papers (PRWP)","title":"Direct And Indirect Impacts Of Transport Mobility On Access To Jobs: Evidence From South Africa"}],"language":[{"name":"English","code":"EN"}],"disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","license":[{"name":"Modified BSD3","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/bsd-3-clause\/"}],"contacts":[{"name":"Atsushi Iimi","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"aiimi@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org"}],"datasets":[{"name":"South Africa National Household Travel Survey 2020","note":"Source: Statistics South Africa.\nData was accessed in November 2023.\nData files: \"nhts-2020-person.dta\", \"nhts-2020-geog.dta\", nhts-2020-hhold.dta\".\n","access_type":"Data is publicly available but does not allow redistribution.","license":"Public use files","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.datafirst.uct.ac.za\/dataportal\/index.php\/terms-of-use#public_use","uri":"https:\/\/www.datafirst.uct.ac.za\/dataportal\/index.php\/catalog\/886","citation":"Statistics South Africa.\n\"National Household Travel Survey 2020 [dataset]\".\nVersion 1.\nPretoria: Statistics South Africa [producer], 2021.\nCape Town: DataFirst [distributor], 2021.\nDOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25828\/NRVJ-1663"},{"name":"South Africa National Household Travel Survey 2013","access_type":"Data is publicly available but does not allow redistribution.","license":"Public use files","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.datafirst.uct.ac.za\/dataportal\/index.php\/terms-of-use#public_use","uri":"https:\/\/www.datafirst.uct.ac.za\/dataportal\/index.php\/catalog\/501","citation":"Statistics South Africa.\n\"National Household Travel Survey 2013 [dataset].\"\nVersion 1.1.\nPretoria: Statistics South Africa [producer], 2014.\nCape Town: DataFirst [distributor], 2014.\nDOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25828\/zs4k-hb60","note":"Source: Statistics South Africa.\nData was accessed in November 2023.\nData files: \"nhts-2013-house-v1-20140718.dta\", \"nhts-2013-person-v1-20140718.dta\", \"TAZ2011_NHTS25JUL2014.shp\"."},{"name":"South Africa National Household Travel Survey 2003","access_type":"Data is publicly available but does not allow redistribution.","license":"Public use files","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.datafirst.uct.ac.za\/dataportal\/index.php\/terms-of-use#public_use","uri":"https:\/\/www.datafirst.uct.ac.za\/dataportal\/index.php\/catalog\/569","citation":"Statistics South Africa.\n\"National Household Travel Survey 2003 [dataset]\".\nVersion 1.1.\nPretoria: Statistics South Africa [producer], 2005.\nCape Town: DataFirst [distributor], 2016.\nDOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25828\/ep06-zx19","note":"Source: Statistics South Africa.\nData was accessed in November 2023.\nData files: \"nhts-2003-over15-v1.dta\", \"nhts-2003-person-v1.dta\", \"nhts-2003-worktrip-v1.dta\", \"nhts-2003-attitude-v1.dta\", \"nhts-2003-house-v1.dta\"."},{"name":"Number of Commercial Establishments by Municipality and Tax Year - South Africa","note":"Source: Spatial Economic Activity Data (SEAD) South Africa.\nData was accessed by selecting the output \"Establishments\", \"Municipality\", and \"Tax Year\" in the data URL, and selecting the data for \"Number of Establishments\".\nData file: \"Municipal_Establishments.csv\".\nData was accessed in January 2024.","access_type":"Data is publicly available but does not allow redistribution.","uri":"https:\/\/spatialtaxdata.org.za\/download-data-filter-form","citation":"Spatial Economic Activity Data (SEAD) South Africa.\nn.d.\n\"Number of Commercial Establishments by Municipality and Tax Year - South Africa [dataset]\".\nData was accessed in January 2024.\nhttps:\/\/spatialtaxdata.org.za\/download-data-filter-form"},{"name":"Shape Files for Local Municipalities - South Africa","note":"Source: Spatial Economic Activity Data (SEAD) South Africa.\nData was accessed by selecting the output \"Establishments\", \"Municipality\", and \"Tax Year\" in the data URL, and selecting the data for \"Shape Files for Local Municipalities\". The data was merged with \"TAZ2011_NHTS25JUL2014.shp\" from the South Africa National Household Travel Survey 2013 through a spatial join and saved into \"TAZ_to_LocalMunic.shp\".\nData was accessed in January 2024.","access_type":"Data is publicly available but does not allow redistribution.","uri":"https:\/\/spatialtaxdata.org.za\/download-data-filter-form","citation":"Spatial Economic Activity Data (SEAD) South Africa.\nn.d.\n\"Shape Files for Local Municipalities - South Africa [dataset]\".\nData was accessed in January 2024.\nhttps:\/\/spatialtaxdata.org.za\/download-data-filter-form"},{"name":"Travel Analysis Zone (TAZ) and Municipality correspondence - South Africa","note":"Source: data was manually assembled by the author.\nIt contains the linkage between the Travel Analysis Zone (TAZ) and the Municipality.\nData was assembled in January 2024.\nData file: \"taz_master.xlsx\".","access_type":"Data is included in the reproducibility package.","citation":"Iimi, Atsushi.\n2025.\n\"Travel Analysis Zone (TAZ) and Municipality correspondence - South Africa [dataset]\".\nData was assembled in January 2024."},{"name":"ILOSTAT","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International","license_uri":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/","uri":"https:\/\/ilostat.ilo.org\/data\/","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","note":"Source: International Labor Organization (ILO).\nData was obtained from the data URL by selecting the indicators unemployment by gender, urban-rural area, and age group for Sub-Saharan Africa and the latest year available. Data was copied into the cells A2:N63 of the sheets \"ff2\" and \"ff3\" of \"SouthAfrica_Excel_data.xlsx\". Data was accessed in July 2023.","citation":"International Labor Organization (ILO).\n\"ILOSTAT [dataset]\".\nData was accessed in July 2023.\nhttps:\/\/ilostat.ilo.org\/data\/"},{"name":"World Development Indicators","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License with additional terms of use specified in the license URL","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/about\/legal\/terms-of-use-for-datasets","uri":"https:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/source\/world-development-indicators","citation":"World Bank.\nn.d.\n\"World Development Indicators [dataset]\".\nIndicators accessed: urban population as percentage of total population\", population in the largest city (as percentage of total population), and all indicators available for South Africa.\nAccessed in February 2024.\nhttps:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/source\/world-development-indicators","note":"Source: World Bank.\nData for the indicators \"urban population as percentage of total population\", \"population in the largest city (as percentage of total population)\" was obtained from the data URL for Sub-Saharan Africa countries for 1990, 2000, 2013-2022, and saved in the cells B4: AA52 of the sheet \"ff5\" of \"SouthAfrica_Excel_Data.xlsx\". Data for all the indicators for South Africa was also obtained for the years 2000-2022 and saved in the sheet \"wdi\" of the same file.\nData was accessed in February 2024."}],"technology_requirements":"Runtime: 10 minutes.","technology_environment":"Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:\n\u2022 OS: Windows 11 Enterprise\n\u2022 Processor: Intel(R) Xeon(R) Gold 6226R CPU @ 2.90GHz\n\u2022 Memory available: 5.7 GB","reproduction_instructions":"**1. Access the data:** Some data used in the reproducibility package are accessible but not redistributable with the package. These data need to be obtained for the code to run. See the Datasets section for details.\n**2. Download and place the data:** Once all data are obtained, copy it to the \"data\" folder.\n**3. Run the Stata code:** Adjust the folder path in line 5 of the do-file \"SouthAfrica_Travel_Analysis_2025sep30_OpenData.do\" and run the code.\n**4. Open the Excel file:** Open the Excel file \"SouthAfrica_Excel_Data.xlsx\" to display figures 2-5. All of these use data included in the reproducibility package and are already generated in the Excel file.\n\nSince all the data are not included, the package includes the results produced by replicators. These files can be used to review the results presented in the paper.","data_statement":"All data sources are publicly available but not all are included in the reproducibility package."},"tags":[{"tag":"Accessible data"},{"tag":"DOI"},{"tag":"Open Code"}],"schematype":"script"}