{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","abbr":"DECDI","affiliation":"World Bank - Development Impact Department","role":"Verification and preparation of metadata"}],"prod_date":"2025-10-14","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"authoring_entity":[{"name":"World Bank"}],"title_statement":{"title":"Reproducibility package for World Development Report 2025 - Standards For Development","idno":"FR_WLD_2025_460"},"data_statement":"Some data is restricted and it is not included in the reproducibility package. For more details, please see the README file included in the reproducibility package. ","software":[{"name":"R","version":"4.4"},{"name":"Stata","version":"18.5"},{"name":"Excel"}],"scripts":[{"title":"Reproducibility package for World Development Report 2025 - Standards For Development","date":"2025-10","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank.","instructions":"See README in reproducibility package.","file_name":"FR_WLD_2025_460","zip_package":"FR_WLD_2025_460.zip","dependencies":"R dependencies are listed in the file renv.lock. 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The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","license":[{"name":"Modified BSD3","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/bsd-3-clause\/"}],"contacts":[{"name":" Joyce Antone Ibrahim","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"jibrahim@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org"}],"datasets":[{"name":"Air Quality Life Index","note":"Files location: 0 - Overview\/1-Data\/aqli_global.csv;\nChapter 6 - Standards for a Better Environment\/1-data-raw\/Map6.1-aqli_table_data_global_2022_who.xlsx.\n","uri":"https:\/\/aqli.epic.uchicago.edu\/indexMap?selectedRegion=null&years=%5B2023%5D&typeDataStandard=%22who%22","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package","citation":"Energy Policy Institute at the University of Chicago. (2022). \"Air Quality Index [dataset],\" https:\/\/aqli.epic.uchicago.edu\/indexMap?selectedRegion=null&years=%5B2023%5D&typeDataStandard=%22who%22."},{"name":"Country Codes Data","note":"Source: The World Bank, World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS). Files location: 0 - Overview\/1-Data\/country_code.xlsx","uri":"https:\/\/wits.worldbank.org\/wits\/wits\/witshelp\/content\/codes\/country_codes.htm","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package","citation":"The World Bank, World Integrated Trade Solution. 2010. \"Country Codes [dataset],\" https:\/\/wits.worldbank.org\/wits\/wits\/witshelp\/content\/codes\/country_codes.htm."},{"name":"Open Air Quality Data","note":"Numbers are used to construct Figure O.6 (see p.2). ","uri":"https:\/\/epic.uchicago.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2025\/06\/The-Case-for-Closing-Air-Quality-Gaps-with-Local-Actors.pdf","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package","citation":"Hasenkopf, Christa; Sharma, Nishka; Kazi, Farah; Mukerjee, Polash; Greenstone, Michael. (2023). \"The Case for Closing Global Air Quality Data Gaps with Local Actors\". Energy Policy Institute, University of Chicago. https:\/\/epic.uchicago.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5\/2025\/06\/The-Case-for-Closing-Air-Quality-Gaps-with-Local-Actors.pdf"},{"name":"Adoption of the Decimal Metric System of Weights and Measures by Country","note":"Files location: Chapter 1 - History of Standards\/1 - Data\/adoptionofmetricsystem.xlsx.","uri":"https:\/\/usma.org\/adoption-of-the-decimal-metric-system-of-weights-and-measures-by-country","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package","citation":"Vera, Hector. (2011). The Social Life of Measures: Metrication in the United States and Mexico, 1789\u20132004. PhD Dissertation, New School for Social Research, pp. 494\u2013497. https:\/\/usma.org\/adoption-of-the-decimal-metric-system-of-weights-and-measures-by-country"},{"name":"Oil Tanker Spill Statistics 2024","note":"Source: ITOPF (2025), processed by Our World in Data. Files location: Chapter 1 - History of Standards\/1 - Data\/oil_spills_by_decade_final_data.xlsx","uri":"https:\/\/archive.ourworldindata.org\/20250624-125417\/grapher\/quantity-oil-spills-decadal-average.html","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package","citation":"International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation (ITOPF), accessed through Our World in Data. (2025). \"Oil Tanker Spill Statistics 2024 [dataset],\" https:\/\/archive.ourworldindata.org\/20250624-125417\/grapher\/quantity-oil-spills-decadal-average.html.","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0)","license_uri":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/deed.en"},{"name":"World Development Indicators","note":"Files location: \nSpotlight 2 - International SDOs\/1 - Data\/Raw\/CLASS.xlsx; \nChapter 3 - NQI\/1 - Data\/Raw\/API_NY.GDP.PCAP.CD_DS2_en_excel_v2_19409.xls; \nChapter 3 - NQI\/1 - Data\/Raw\/API_NE.EXP.GNFS.CD_DS2_en_excel_v2_811132.xls\nChapter 4 - Standards for a Better Economy\/First_Half\/1 - Data\/Raw\/GDP_per_capita.dta; \nChapter 4 - Standards for a Better Economy\/Second_Half\/Raw\/CLASS.xlsx; \nChapter 4 - Standards for a Better Economy\/First_Half\/1 - Data\/Raw\/WB_GDP_per_capita_Data.csv; \nChapter 4 - Standards for a Better Economy\/Second_Half\/Raw\/WDI_Country_data June 6 2025.rds; \nSpotlight 4 - Standards in Finance\/CLASS_2025_07_02.xlsx;\nChapter 5 - Standards for a Better Human Capital\/API_NY.GDP.PCAP.CD_DS2_en_excel_v2_19409.xls; \nChapter 6 - Standards for a Better Environment\/1-Data\/PM25airpollutionmeanannual.csv; \nChapter 6 - Standards for a Better Environment\/1-Data\/GDP_per_capital_2015value.xls; \nChapter 6 - Standards for a Better Environment\/1-Data\/WB_income_classfication.xlsx; \nChapter 6 - Standards for a Better Environment\/1-Data\/OGHIST_2025_07_01.csv; \nChapter 6 - Standards for a Better Environment\/1-Data\/PM25airpollutionmeanannual.csv;\nChapter 7 - wdr2025gov\/data-raw\/input\/wdi\/P_Data_Extract_From_World_Development_Indicators.zip;\nChapter 7 - wdr2025gov\/data-raw\/input\/wdi\/P_Data_Extract_From_World_Development_Indicators.zip;\nChapter 7 - wdr2025gov\/data-raw\/input\/wdi\/04-wdi.R.\nDirect download links are included in the README for the particular chapter. ","uri":"https:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/source\/world-development-indicators","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0)","citation":"World Bank. 2025. \"World Development Indicators [dataset],\" https:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/source\/world-development-indicators","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/about\/legal\/terms-of-use-for-datasets"},{"name":"International Standards Database","note":"Files location: Spotlight 2 - International SDOs\/1 - Data\/Raw\/iso_standards.sqlite","uri":"https:\/\/solveig.shinyapps.io\/standat\/","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package","citation":"Bj\u00f8rkholt, S. (2025). Presenting the StanDat database on international standards: improving data accessibility on marginal topics. Political Science Research and Methods, 1\u201319. doi:10.1017\/psrm.2025.3"},{"name":"Product Complexity Index","note":"Files location: Spotlight 2 - International SDOs\/1 - Data\/Raw\/Data-PCI.csv. To download the data the user should go to the link and select variables: 2022, 2023, HS4, HS4 ID.","uri":"https:\/\/oec.world\/en\/rankings\/pci\/hs4\/hs92?tab=ranking","access_type":"Data is publicly available but does not allow redistribution, and it is not included in the reproducibility package","citation":"Simoes, A. J. G., & Hidalgo, C. A. (2011). The Economic Complexity Observatory: An analytical tool for understanding the dynamics of economic development. AAAI Workshops.","license_uri":"https:\/\/oec.world\/en\/resources\/terms","license":"OEC Terms and Conditions"},{"name":"Global Quality Infrastructure Index","note":"Files location: Chapter 3 - NQI\/1 - Data\/Raw\/GQII2023.xlsx; \nChapter 4 - Standards for a Better Economy\/First_Half\/1 - Data\/Raw\/gqii2023_public_dataset_v2.xlsx; quality index data.dta. \n","uri":"https:\/\/gqii.org\/gqii-2023","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package","license":"Creative Commons  Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License","license_uri":"https:\/\/gqii.org\/rankings\/data-sources-and-permissions\/","citation":"Global Quality Infrastructure Index (GQII) Program. 2023. \"Global Quality Infrastructure Index [dataset],\" https:\/\/gqii.org\/gqii-2023\/."},{"name":"Essential Medicines Database","note":"Files location: Chapter 5 - Standards for a Better Human Capital\/1 - Data\/Raw\/GlobalEssentialMedicinesDatabase.xlsx.","uri":"https:\/\/figshare.com\/articles\/dataset\/GlobalEssentialMedicinesDatabase_xlsx\/7814246\/1?file=14541080","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0)","citation":"Persaud, Nav; Jiang, Maggie; Shaikh, Roha; Bali, Anjli; Oronsaye, Efosa; Woods, Hannah; et al. (2019). GlobalEssentialMedicinesDatabase.xlsx. figshare. Dataset. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6084\/m9.figshare.7814246.v1. Access date: 22-May-2025.","license_uri":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"name":"State and Trends of Carbon Pricing","note":"Files location: Chapter 6 - Standards for a Better Environment\/1-Data\/Carbon coverage.xlsx.\nContains annual data on global emissions coverage by income group from 1990 to 2025. Extracted from the Carbon Pricing Dashboard\u2019s compliance coverage section. Accessed in 2025.\n","uri":"https:\/\/carbonpricingdashboard.worldbank.org\/compliance\/coverage","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0)","citation":"World Bank (2025). State and Trends of Carbon Pricing Dashboard [dataset],\" https:\/\/carbonpricingdashboard.worldbank.org\/compliance\/coverage. "},{"name":"The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset ","note":"Files location: Chapter 6 - Standards for a Better Environment\/1-Data\/consumption-co2-per-capita.csv. \nIndicator: CO\u2082 consumption per capita","uri":"https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/grapher\/consumption-co2-per-capita","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0)","citation":"Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2024). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2024v17) [Data set]. Zenodo. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.13981696","license_uri":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"name":"Worldwide Governance Indicators","note":"Indicator used: Government Effectiveness. Files location: Chapter 6 - Standards for a Better Environment\/1-Data\/wgidataset.xlsx.","uri":"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/publication\/worldwide-governance-indicators","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0)","citation":"World Bank. 2024 Update. \"Worldwide Governance Indicators [dataset],\" www.govindicators.org.","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/about\/legal\/terms-of-use-for-datasets"},{"name":"United Nations Economic Classifications","note":"Files location: Chapter 4 - Standards for a Better Economy\/First_Half\/Raw\/ISIC4_ISIC31.txt (https:\/\/unstats.un.org\/unsd\/classifications\/Econ\/tables\/ISIC\/ISIC4_ISIC31\/ISIC4_ISIC31.txt);\n ISIC31_ISIC4.txt (https:\/\/unstats.un.org\/unsd\/classifications\/Econ\/tables\/ISIC\/ISIC31_ISIC4\/ISIC31_ISIC4.txt). Users can follow the links, download the files as .txt, and save them in the appropriate folder. \n","uri":"https:\/\/unstats.un.org\/unsd\/classifications\/Econ","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/about-us\/terms-of-use","access_type":"Data is publicly available, but does not allow redistribution and is not included in the reproducibility package","citation":"United Nations. 2025. United Nations Economic Classifications. [dataset]. https:\/\/unstats.un.org\/unsd\/classifications\/Econ","license":"Terms and conditions of use of United Nations websites"},{"uri":"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/publications\/weo\/weo-database\/2024\/april\/download-entire-database","citation":"IMF. 2024. World Economic Outlook, April 2024. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund. https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/publications\/weo\/weo-database\/2024\/april","name":"World Economic Outlook database: April 2024","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/about\/copyright-and-terms","license":"Use of IMF Data","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package","note":"Files location: Chapter 4 - Standards for a Better Economy\/First_Half\/Raw\/WEOApr2024all.xls. "},{"name":"EORA 26","access_type":"Data is accessible, but does not allow redistribution and is not included in the reproducibility package","license_uri":"https:\/\/worldmrio.com\/licensing.jsp","uri":"https:\/\/worldmrio.com\/eora26\/","citation":"Lenzen, M., Moran, D., Kanemoto, K., & Geschke, A. (2013). Building EORA: A Global Multi-Region Input-Output Database at High Country and Sector Resolution. Economic Systems Research, 25(1), 20\u201349. doi:10.1080\/09535314.2013.769938","note":"Files location: Chapter 4 - Standards for a Better Economy\/First_Half\/Raw\/EORA\/. The full list of datasets used is included in the file data_hash_report.csv. \nTo obtain access to the EORA 26 dataset, users should visit the link below, create an account, and select the appropriate license type (either an academic license or a trial license). After obtaining access, they should download the ZIP files for the year 2022. Access date: June 2025."},{"name":"World Bank Country and Lending Groups ","note":"Files location: \nChapter 6 - Standards for a Better Environment\/1-Data\/OGHIST_2025_07_01.csv; \nChapter 4 - Standards for a Better Economy\/Raw\/WB_Classification_FY2025.xlsx;\nChapter 4 - Standards for a Better Economy\/Raw\/Income groups.dta;\nChapter 6 - Standards for a Better Environment\/1-data-raw\/WB_income_classfication.xlsx;\nChapter 7 - wdr2025gov\/data-raw\/source\/15-enterprise_surveys.R. \nAccessed 2025.","uri":"https:\/\/datahelpdesk.worldbank.org\/knowledgebase\/articles\/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0)","citation":"World Bank. (2025). Country and Lending Group Classifications (FY2025 and historical) [dataset]\". https:\/\/datahelpdesk.worldbank.org\/knowledgebase\/articles\/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/about\/legal\/terms-of-use-for-datasets"},{"name":"DynQual v1.0: a high-resolution global surface water quality model","note":"Files location: Chapter 6 - Standards for a Better Environment\/1-Data\/pathogen_annualAvg_1980_2019.nc.","uri":"https:\/\/zenodo.org\/records\/14673871\/files\/pathogen_annualAvg_1980_2019.nc?download=1","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package","citation":"Jones, E. R., Bierkens, M. F. P., Wanders, N., Sutanudjaja, E. H., van Beek, L. P. H., & van Vliet, M. T. H. (2023). DynQual v1.0: a high-resolution global surface water quality model. Geoscientific Model Development, 16, 4481\u20134500. https:\/\/gmd.copernicus.org\/articles\/16\/4481\/2023\/","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0)","license_uri":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"name":"World Bank Enterprise Survey Data (WBES)","note":"Files location: Chapter 4 - Standards for a Better Economy\/First_Half\/1 - Data\/Raw\/New_Comprehensive_March_31_2025.dta;\nChapter 4 - Standards for a Better Economy\/First Half\/1 - Data\/Raw\/New_Comprehensive_February_3_2025.dta;\nChapter 4 - Standards for a Better Economy\/First Half\/1 - Data\/Raw\/ES-Indicators-Database-Global-Methodology_February_3_2025.dta;\nChapter 4 - Standards for a Better Economy\/First Half\/1 - Data\/Raw\/Firm Level TFP Estimates and Factor Ratios_February_3_2025.dta. \nDetailed instructions on how to download the data are included in the README file for Chapter 4. ","uri":"https:\/\/login.enterprisesurveys.org\/content\/sites\/financeandprivatesector\/en\/library\/combineddata.html","access_type":"Data is publicly available but does not allow redistribution, and it is not included in the reproducibility package","citation":"World Bank. 2025. World Bank Enterprise Surveys (WBES) [dataset]. https:\/\/login.enterprisesurveys.org\/content\/sites\/financeandprivatesector\/en\/library\/combineddata.html","license_uri":"https:\/\/login.enterprisesurveys.org\/content\/sites\/financeandprivatesector\/en\/terms.html"},{"name":"World Bank Enterprise Survey Data (WBES) - Public ","note":"Files location: Chapter 7 - wdr2025gov\/data-raw\/source\/15-enterprise_surveys.R. ","access_type":"Data is publicly available, and the code to download it is included in the reproducibility package. ","uri":"https:\/\/data360files.worldbank.org\/data360-data\/data\/WB_ES\/WB_ES_T_MGMT1.csv","citation":"World Bank. 2025. World Bank Enterprise Surveys (WBES) [dataset]. https:\/\/data360files.worldbank.org\/data360-data\/data\/WB_ES\/WB_ES_T_MGMT1.csv","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0)","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/about\/legal\/terms-of-use-for-datasets"},{"name":"fDi Markets Greenfield FDI Project Dataset","uri":"https:\/\/www.fdimarkets.com\/","note":"Files location: Chapter 4 - Standards for a Better Economy\/First_Half\/1 - Data\/Raw\/fDi_Markets_FDI.dta.\nProprietary dataset from fDi Markets (Financial Times) containing greenfield investment project data (capital and jobs) globally since 2003. Data is restricted and not included in the reproducibility package. The list of variables included in the dataset is included in the README file within the specific chapter. Years 2010-2025. The absence of these files will only affect the execution of Chapter 4 (first half).","access_type":"Data is restricted and not included in the reproducibility package. ","citation":"Financial Times. (2025). fDi Markets Greenfield FDI Project Dataset [dataset]. Accessed: February 2025. https:\/\/www.fdimarkets.com\/","license":"Proprietary Financial Times"},{"name":"United Nations M49 Standard Country and Area Codes","license":"UN Data Terms of Use","citation":"Authors\u2019 compilation based on the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD). 'Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use (M49)'. Available at https:\/\/unstats.un.org\/unsd\/methodology\/m49\/","note":"Compiled by the authors with information from the United Nations M49 Standard Country and Area Codes. \nFiles location: Chapter 4 - Standards for a Better Economy\/First_Half\/1 - Data\/Raw\/UNSD \u2014 Methodology.xlsx","uri":"https:\/\/unstats.un.org\/unsd\/methodology\/m49\/","access_type":"Data is included in the reproducibility package","license_uri":"https:\/\/data.un.org\/Host.aspx?Content=UNdataUse"},{"uri":"https:\/\/theicct.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Table-4.-Overview-of-regulations-for-passenger-cars.pdf","name":"Overview of Regulations for Passenger Cars ","note":"Files located at `rawdata\/fuel_economy_standard.xlsx`. Contains country-level passenger car fuel economy standards compiled from ICCT\u2019s 2023 global regulatory review.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package","citation":"International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT). (2023). Overview of Regulations for Passenger Cars."},{"uri":"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/data\/catalog\/sedac-ciesin-sedac-pd-sspbsyr-1km-1.01","name":"Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC) Database","note":"Files location: Chapter 6 - Standards for a Better Environment\/1-data-raw\/Population count 1km_ssp2_2030.tif. \nContains 1km gridded global population projections for SSP2 (2030). Accessed October 2025.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package","citation":"Jones, B., ONeill, B. C., &amp; Gao, J. (2020). <i>Global 1-km Downscaled Population Base Year and Projection Grids for the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs), Revision 01<\/i> (Version 1.01) [Data set]. Palisades, NY: NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7927\/Q7Z9-9R69 Date Accessed: 2025-10.","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/engage\/open-data-services-software-policies\/data-use-guidance","license":"Creative Commons Zero (CC0)"},{"uri":"https:\/\/ora.ox.ac.uk\/objects\/uuid:6fced8c0-5c64-44af-b38e-e99785b2db90","name":" Global Land Surface Dataset of Heating and Cooling Degree Days","note":"File location: Chapter 6 - Standards for a Better Environment\/CDD_scenario15_mean_v1.nc. \nContains global gridded cooling degree days (CDD) under a 1.5\u00b0C warming scenario. Last accessed October 2025.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0)","citation":"Lizana, J., Miranda, N. D., Sparrow, S. N., Wallom, D. C. H., Khosla, R., & McCulloch, M. (2024). Global land surface dataset of Heating and Cooling Degree Days from a bias-corrected HadAM4-based temperature ensemble under 1.0\u00baC, 1.5\u00baC, and 2.0\u00baC climate scenarios [dataset]. University of Oxford.","license_uri":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"uri":"https:\/\/static-content.springer.com\/esm\/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41467-022-30727-4\/MediaObjects\/41467_2022_30727_MOESM1_ESM.pdf","name":"Flood Exposure and Poverty in 188 Countries","note":"File location: Chapter 6 - Standards for a Better Environment\/1-data-raw\/Map6.4-flood exposure.xlsx. \nContains estimates of population exposed to high flood risk (%).","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package","citation":"Rentschler, J., Salhab, M., & Jafino, B.A. (2022). Flood exposure and poverty in 188 countries. Nature Communications."},{"uri":"https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241513760","name":"A global overview of national regulations and standards for drinking-water quality","note":"Files location: Chapter 6 - Standards for a Better Environment\/1-data-raw\/nationalwaterstandards.xlsx. \nContains national drinking water regulations compiled from the WHO\u2019s 2018 global survey. ","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package","license":"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO","license_uri":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/3.0\/igo\/","citation":"World Health Organization. (2018). A global overview of national regulations and standards for drinking-water quality. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241513760"},{"uri":"https:\/\/climatepolicydatabase.org\/about-legal","name":"Climate Policy Database: Versions 2020 and 2023","note":"Files locations: Chapter 6 - Standards for a Better Environment\/1-data-raw\/ClimatePolicyDatabase - v2020.xlsx.\nChapter 6 - Standards for a Better Environment\/1-data-raw\/ClimatePolicyDatabase - v2023.xlsx;\nChapter 6 - Standards for a Better Environment\/1-data-raw\/standards_year_country_dataframe.csv.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package","citation":"Nascimento, L., Kuramochi, T., Iacobuta, G., den Elzen, M., Fekete, H., Weishaupt, M., van Soest, H., Roelfsema, M., De Vivero-Serrano, G., Lui, S., Hans, F., Jose de Villafranca, M., & H\u00f6hne, N. (2021). Twenty years of climate policy: G20 coverage and gaps. Climate Policy. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14693062.2021.1993776"},{"uri":"https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/en\/data\/insights\/data-explainers\/2025\/04\/the-climate-actions-and-policies-measurement-framework-capmf.html","name":"Climate Actions and Policies Measurement Framework Classifications  (CAPMF)","note":"Files location: Chapter 6 - Standards for a Better Environment\/1-data-raw\/CPD_to_OECD_to_WDR_broad_classification_mapping.xlsx. \nContains manual mapping between CPD policy instruments, OECD CAPMF categories, and WDR classifications.","access_type":"Data is included in the reproducibility package ","citation":"OECD. (2025). Climate Actions and Policies Measurement Framework (CAPMF). https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/en\/data\/insights\/data-explainers\/2025\/04\/the-climate-actions-and-policies-measurement-framework-capmf.html","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/en\/about\/terms-conditions.html","license":"OECD Terms & Conditions"},{"uri":"https:\/\/www.emdat.be\/","name":"Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT)","note":"Files location: Chapter 6 - Standards for a Better Environment\/1-data-raw\/EMDAT_for_WDR2025_updated.csv. \nContains global data on disaster damages from meteorological, hydrological, and climatological events. Accessed 2025.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package","license":"EM-DAT Terms of Use","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.emdat.be\/terms-and-conditions\/","citation":"Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters. (2025). Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT) [dataset]."},{"uri":"https:\/\/documents.worldbank.org\/en\/publication\/documents-reports\/documentdetail\/099718504112546491","name":"Unlocking Efficiency: The Global Landscape of Building Energy Regulations and their Enforcement","note":"Files location: Chapter 6 - Standards for a Better Environment\/1-data-raw\/Map6.2-building codes-Maps for Cartography.xlsx. \nContains building energy code adoption status and global coverage. Accessed 2025.\nData was provided to the team by Jayashree Srinivasan based on data collected for the report: World Bank. 2025. Unlocking Efficiency \u2013 The Global Landscape of Building Energy Regulations and Their Enforcement. \n","access_type":"Data is included in the package","citation":"World Bank (2025). Unlocking Efficiency: The Global Landscape of Building Energy Regulations and their Enforcement [dataset]. https:\/\/documents.worldbank.org\/en\/publication\/documents-reports\/documentdetail\/099718504112546491"},{"name":"Bank Regulation and Supervision Survey (BRSS) ","note":"Files location: Spotlight 4 - Standards in Finance\/2021_04_26_brss-public-release.xlsx.\nVersion: 2021 public release. ","uri":"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/research\/brief\/BRSS","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package","citation":"World Bank. (2025). Bank Regulation and Supervision Survey. https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/research\/brief\/BRSS","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0","license_uri":"https:\/\/datahelpdesk.worldbank.org\/knowledgebase\/articles\/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups"},{"name":"The Global Findex Database 2025","note":"Files location: Spotlight 4 - Standards in Finance\/Findex_SSA_ID_MMbar.csv.","uri":"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/publication\/globalfindex\/download-data","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package","citation":"World Bank. (2025). Global Findex [dataset]. https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/publication\/globalfindex\/download-data","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/about\/legal\/terms-of-use-for-datasets","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0)"},{"name":"Worldwide Bureaucracy Indicators ","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0)","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/about\/legal\/terms-of-use-for-datasets","citation":"World Bank. (2025). Worldwide Bureaucracy Indicators [dataset]. https:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/source\/worldwide-bureaucracy-indicators-(wwbi)#","uri":"https:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/source\/worldwide-bureaucracy-indicators-(wwbi)#","access_type":"Data is publicly available, and the code to download it is included in the reproducibility package","note":"Files location: Chapter 7 - wdr2025gov\/data-raw\/source\/. "},{"name":"Global Survey of Public Servants","note":"Files location: Chapter 7 - wdr2025gov\/data-raw\/source\/. \nAccess year: 2025","access_type":"Data is publicly available, and the code to download it is included in the reproducibility package","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0)","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/about\/legal\/terms-of-use-for-datasets","uri":"https:\/\/www.globalsurveyofpublicservants.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2023-11\/GSPS_Indicators_Dataset_11_10_23.xlsx","citation":"World Bank. (2025). Global Survey of Public Servants. "},{"name":"The V-Dem Dataset","access_type":"Data is publicly available, and the code to download it is included in the reproducibility package","note":"Files location: Chapter 7 - wdr2025gov\/data-raw\/source\/. \nAccess year: 2025","uri":"https:\/\/www.v-dem.net\/data\/the-v-dem-dataset\/country-year-v-dem-fullothers-v15\/","citation":"Varieties of Democracy. (2025). The V-Dem Dataset. https:\/\/www.v-dem.net\/data\/the-v-dem-dataset\/country-year-v-dem-fullothers-v15\/"},{"name":"Public Procurement in Law and Practice","note":"Files location: Chapter 7 - wdr2025gov\/data-raw\/source\/. \nAccess year: 2025.","access_type":"Data is publicly available, and the code to download it is included in the reproducibility package","uri":"https:\/\/www.openicpsr.org\/openicpsr\/project\/153181\/version\/V1\/view?path=\/openicpsr\/153181\/fcr:versions\/V1\/Master_Procurement_Data.xlsx&type=file","citation":"Bosio, E., Djankov, S., Glaeser, E. and Shleifer, A., 2022. Public procurement in law and practice. American Economic Review, 112(4), pp.1091-1117."},{"name":"Relat\u00f3rio Annual de Informa\u00e7\u00f5es Sociais (RAIS).","citation":"Labor Ministry, Brazilian Federal Government. (2025). Relat\u00f3rio Annual de Informa\u00e7\u00f5es Sociais (RAIS). https:\/\/www.rais.gov.br\/sitio\/index.jsf","note":"Files location: Chapter 7 - wdr2025gov\/data-raw\/source\/. \nAccess year: 2025","access_type":"Data is publicly available, and the code to download it is included in the reproducibility package","uri":"https:\/\/www.rais.gov.br\/sitio\/index.jsf"},{"citation":"Dahis, R., Ricca, B., Scot, T., Sales, N., & Nascimento, L. (2023). MiDES: New Data and Facts from Local Procurement and Budget Execution in Brazil. World Bank. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.60572\/HMAM-P072","license":"Modified BSD3","license_uri":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org\/index.php\/catalog\/72\/","uri":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org\/index.php\/catalog\/72\/","access_type":"Data is publicly available, and the code to download it is included in the reproducibility package","note":"Files location: Chapter 7 - wdr2025gov\/data-raw\/source\/. \nAccess year: 2025","name":"Reproducibility package for MiDES: New Data and Facts from Local Procurement and Budget Execution in Brazil"},{"name":"Brazilian Municipal Shapefiles","uri":"https:\/\/geoftp.ibge.gov.br\/organizacao_do_territorio\/malhas_territoriais\/malhas_municipais\/municipio_2024\/Brasil\/BR_Municipios_2024.zip","citation":"Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat\u00edsticas. (2024). Brazilian Municipal Shapefiles. ","access_type":"Data is publicly available, and the code to download it is included in the reproducibility package","note":"Files location: Chapter 7 - wdr2025gov\/data-raw\/source\/. \nAccess year: 2025"},{"name":"GovTech Maturity Index","uri":"https:\/\/datacatalogfiles.worldbank.org\/ddh-published\/0037889\/DR0089805\/WBG_GovTech%20Dataset_Oct2022.xlsx","note":"Files location: Chapter 7 - wdr2025gov\/data-raw\/source\/. \nAccess year: 2025","access_type":"Data is publicly available, and the code to download it is included in the reproducibility package","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0)","license_uri":"https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/int\/public-licenses?fragment=cc","citation":"World Bank. (2025). GovTech Maturity Index [dataset]. https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/search\/dataset\/0037889\/GovTech-Dataset"},{"name":"National PM2.5 Standards Data","note":"Data was compiled by the authors using publicly available sources; specific sources are listed in the Excel sheet \"source\". \nFiles location: Chapter 6 - Standards for a Better Environment\/1-Data\/airpollutionstandards.xlsx. ","access_type":"Data is included in the reproducibility package","citation":"Authors\u2019 compilation. (2025). National PM2.5 Standards Data [dataset]. World Bank, World Development Report 2025 \u2013 Standards for Development."},{"note":"Files location: Spotlight 3 - NSBs\/Raw\/Most Popular Standards.dta. \nData was created by the authors. \n","access_type":"Data is included in the reproducibility package. ","name":"ISO Standards Dataset","citation":"Authors\u2019 compilation. (2025). ISO Standards Dataset [dataset]. World Bank, World Development Report 2025 \u2013 Standards for Development."},{"name":"International Accreditation Forum Data","note":"The file was compiled by the authors using information provided by the International Accreditation Forum. \nFiles location: Chapter 3 - NQI\/1 - Data\/Raw\/IAF accreditation body scopes.xlsx. ","access_type":"Data is included in the reproducibility package","citation":"Authors' compilation. (2025). International Accreditation Forum Data [dataset]. World Bank, World Development Report 2025 \u2013 Standards for Development."},{"name":"Accredited Testing and Calibration Laboratories Dataset","note":"Files location: Chapter 3 - NQI\/1 - Data\/Raw\/Accredited testing and calibration labs.xlsx.\nDataset compiled by the authors from publicly available databases of national accreditation bodies. Laboratory ownership categories (academic, private, government) were assigned using artificial intelligence (ChatGPT) via an API, based on the prompt included in the file 'AI prompt accredited laboratories.docx' located in the 'Code' folder.\"","access_type":"Data is included in the reproducibility package","citation":"Authors' compilation. (2025). Accredited Testing and Calibration Laboratories Dataset [dataset]. World Bank, World Development Report 2025 \u2013 Standards for Development."},{"name":"Survey for National Standards Bodies","note":"Primary data collected by the authors. \nFiles location: Chapter 3 - NQI\/1 - Data\/Raw\/Survey for National Standards Bodies.xlsx.\nSpotlight 3 - NSBs\/Raw\/Survey for National Standards Bodies.xlsx. To request access to the survey, users can follow the link below. ","access_type":"Data is limited-access and not included in the reproducibility package. ","citation":"World Bank. (2025). Survey for National Standards Bodies [dataset]. https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/int\/search\/dataset\/0066929\/Survey-for-National-Standards-Bodies","uri":"https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/int\/search\/dataset\/0066929\/Survey-for-National-Standards-Bodies"},{"name":"WHO\u2013HAI Medicine Price and Availability Database","citation":"World Health Organization & Health Action International (2025). WHO\u2013HAI Medicine Price and Availability Dataset. Provided directly by Lachlan Oldfield to the WDR 2025 team (June 2025).","note":"Files located at Chapter 5 - Standards for a Better Human Capital\/Raw\/WHOHAI DATA.xlsx. \nContains the WHO\u2013HAI Medicines Price and Availability Database. \nThis dataset was shared directly with the WDR 2025 team by Lachlan Oldfield on 15 June 2025. For more information regarding this dataset, contact one of the authors, Joyce Antone Ibrahim (jibrahim@worldbank.org). ","uri":"https:\/\/haiweb.org\/what-we-do\/price-availability-affordability\/methodology\/","access_type":"Data is restricted and not included in the reproducibility package"},{"name":"Literature Estimates Data","note":"Files location: Chapter 4 - Standards for a Better Economy\/Second_Half\/Raw\/Literature Estimates.xlsx. \nThe file was manually created by the authors; it contains the estimates from relevant literature of the effect of non-tariff measures on trade. The sources are included in the Excel file.  ","access_type":"Data is included in the reproducibility package","citation":"Authors' compilation. (2025). Literature Estimates Data [dataset]. World Bank, World Development Report 2025 \u2013 Standards for Development."},{"name":"Electricity Cost Data","note":"Files location: Chapter 6 - Standards for a Better Environment\/1-data-raw\/Electricity_cost.xlsx.\n Contains electricity costs for energy-efficient and regular refrigerators and ceiling fans in the United States, India, and Nigeria. Data was collected from publicly available sources; sources for each data point are listed within the file.","access_type":"Data is included in the package","citation":"Authors' compilation. (2025). Electricity Cost Data [dataset]. World Bank, World Development Report 2025 \u2013 Standards for Development."},{"name":"UNCTAD Trade Analysis and Information System (TRAINS)","note":"Files located at: Chapter 4 - Standards for a Better Economy\/Second Half\/Cleaned_World.rds.\nContains confidential processed data on non-tariff measures (NTMs) applied by countries to all trading partners, including reporting country, partner country, NTM type, affected HS codes, and implementation dates. Accessed March 2025. The absence of these files will only affect the execution of Chapter 4 (second half).","uri":"https:\/\/trainsonline.unctad.org\/detailedSearch","access_type":"Data is publicly available but does not allow redistribution, and it is not included in the reproducibility package","license_uri":"https:\/\/trainsonline.unctad.org\/disclaimer","citation":"UNCTAD (2025). TRAINS Non-Tariff Measures Database. Retrieved from https:\/\/trainsonline.unctad.org\/detailedSearch (accessed March 2025).","license":"UNCTAD TRAINS terms and conditions"},{"name":"WITS \u2013 Trade Flow Data","note":"Files located at Chapter 4 - Standards for a Better Economy\/Second Half\/Data\/Raw\/WITS_Merge.rds. Contains confidential merged trade-flow data, including annual HS-level trade values between country pairs. Although WITS data is theoretically publicly accessible, the extract used here was obtained internally from the WITS team due to size and API limitations. Last updated May 2025. The list of variables and the period is included in the README for this chapter. The absence of these files will only affect the execution of Chapter 4 (second half).","access_type":"Data is restricted and not included in the reproducibility package","citation":"World Bank (2025). World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS). Internal extract provided by WITS team (May 2025)."},{"name":"FAO \u2013 Harvest Area Data","note":"Files location: Chapter 4 - Standards for a Better Economy\/Second_Half\/Raw\/FAO_area.xlsx.\nContains confidential data on the size of countries\u2019 total harvest areas. Data from the FAO. These were obtained from ITC under an NDA (accessed June 2025). For more information regarding this dataset, contact one of the authors, Joyce Antone Ibrahim (jibrahim@worldbank.org). The absence of these files will only affect the execution of Chapter 4 (second half).","access_type":"Data is restricted and not included in the reproducibility package","citation":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2025). Harvest Area Data [dataset]. Access obtained via ITC under NDA (June 2025)."},{"name":"International Trade Centre (ITC) \u2013 State of Sustainable Markets","note":"Files location: Chapter 4 - Standards for a Better Economy\/Second_Half\/Raw\/VSS.xlsx. Contains confidential country\u2013label\u2013commodity panel data on area and production certified under private standards (variables: Year, Country_, Commodity, Label, Area harvested average_ha\/max_ha\/min_ha, Production average_MT\/max_MT\/min_MT, is_present) for years 2016\u20132022. Obtained from International Trade Centre under a non-disclosure agreement (NDA). Accessed June 2025. For more information regarding this dataset, contact one of the authors, Joyce Antone Ibrahim (jibrahim@worldbank.org).  The absence of these files will only affect the execution of Chapter 4 (second half).","access_type":"Data is restricted and not included in the reproducibility package","citation":"International Trade Centre. (2025). State of Sustainable Markets \u2013 VSS Dataset [dataset]. Access obtained under NDA (June 2025)."},{"name":"ISO Administrative Data ","note":"Files and Locations:\nSpotlight 2 \u2013 International SDOs: Raw\/ISO_Admin_Data_TC.xlsx.\nSpotlight 3 \u2013 NSBs: Raw\/ISO_Admin_Data_TC.xlsx.\nSpotlight 3 - NSBs\/Raw\/TCdata.dta. \nThese data were manually compiled by the authors using restricted information provided by ISO under confidentiality agreements. For detailed information on the list of variables, please see the README file of Spotlight 2 and 3. For more information regarding this dataset, contact one of the authors, Joyce Antone Ibrahim (jibrahim@worldbank.org). \nAccessed: 2025.  \nThe absence of these files will only affect the execution of Spotlight 2 and 3. ","access_type":"Data is restricted and not included in the reproducibility package","citation":"The International Organization of Standardization (ISO). (2025). ISO Administrative Data [restricted data]. "}],"reproduction_instructions":"To reproduce all results in this report, please follow the steps below.\nThe report is organized into **12 standalone chapters**, each functioning as an **individual reproducibility package** with its own `README`, data folder, and code folder.\n\n**1. Chapter Structure**\nEach of the 12 chapters has:\n\n* Its own folder\n* A dedicated `README` with instructions\n* A self-contained data folder\n* Its own code (either R, Stata, or both)\n\nTo reproduce a chapter:\n\n1. Open the chapter folder\n2. Read the chapter-specific `README`\n3. Follow the instructions and run the code for that chapter\n\n**2. Chapters Using R**\nFor all R-based chapters, each folder includes an `.Rproj` file that automatically sets the correct working directory. \nTo reproduce these chapters:\n1. Open the `.Rproj` file\n2. Restore the environment using: `renv::restore()` and follow the prompts. \n3. Run the R script listed in that chapter\u2019s `README`\nR-based chapters include: Overview;  Chapter 1;  Chapter 4 (second half);  Chapter 5;  Chapter 6; Chapter 7; Chapter 8.\n\n **3. Chapters Using Stata**\nFor Stata-based chapters:\n1. Open the **main do-file** for that chapter\n2. Update the **path** at the top of the script\n3. Run the code from start to finish\nStata-based chapters include: Chapter 3; Chapter 4 (first half).\n\n**4. Chapters Using Both R and Stata**\nSpotlight chapters 2, 3, and 4 require **both** Stata and R.\nTo reproduce these:\n1. Run the **Stata** section first\n2. Then open the `.Rproj` included in that chapter\n3. Restore the R environment using: `renv::restore()`.\n4. Run the R script as described in the chapter `README`.\n\n**5. Additional Notes**\n* Each chapter functions as an **independent reproducible package**, and the chapter-level `README` files contain all necessary details.\n* A **general README** is included at the top level. It explains:\n  * The folder structure\n  * The relationships between chapters\n  * All datasets used in the full report\n* Some datasets are restricted-access. For these cases, the package includes the replicators\u2019 results, which users may use to verify the figures and tables in the report. Most chapters will run in full (after obtaining the accessible datasets), with the exception of Chapter 3, Chapter 4 (second half), Chapter 5, Spotlight 2, and Spotlight 3, where the absence of restricted data will prevent the code from executing.","technology_requirements":"Runtime: ~5 hours. \n","technology_environment":"Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:\n\u2022 OS: Windows 11 Enterprise\n\u2022 Processor: Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-1145G7 CPU @ 2.60GHz\n\u2022 Memory available: 15.7 GB","abstract":"Standards make everyday life run smoothly. You rarely notice them: the credit card that works in any corner of the world, the Wi-Fi signal that connects a remote village to the cloud, or the vaccine vial that fits syringes from Dakar to Delhi. When standards work, they build trust. They free people and firms to focus on creating, trading, and innovating, confident that the systems around them will hold. When standards fail, the effects are immediate and draining. Payments are declined, signals drop, vaccines spoil\u2014and instead of being productive, people spend their energy just meeting their basic needs. \nStandards, in short, are the hidden infrastructure of modern economies\u2014and they have never been more important. Developing countries today must contend with a thicket of increasingly stringent international standards, a product of globalization and rapid technological change. Using standards\u2014and shaping them\u2014is now a prerequisite for export growth, technology diffusion, and the efficient delivery of public services.  Yet standards are too often overlooked by policy makers, especially in developing countries. \nWorld Development Report 2025 provides the most comprehensive assessment of the global landscape of standards today and how they can be used to accelerate economic development. It offers a practical framework for countries at all stages of development. Countries at the earliest stage should adapt international standards to suit local conditions when needed, whereas at more advanced stages, they should aim to align domestic markets with international standards. Meanwhile, all countries should author international standards in priority areas.\n"},"tags":[{"tag":"DOI"},{"tag":"Open Code"},{"tag":"Open Data"}],"schematype":"script"}