{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","abbr":"DECDI","affiliation":"World Bank - Development Impact Department","role":"Verification and preparation of metadata"}],"prod_date":"2025-11-03","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"authoring_entity":[{"name":"Serafin Martinez Jaramillo","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"smartinezjaramil@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Jon Frost","affiliation":"BIS","email":"jon.frost@bis.org"},{"name":"Carlos Madeira","affiliation":"Banco Central de Chile","email":"carlosmadeira2009@u.northwestern.edu"}],"title_statement":{"title":"Reproducibility package for The Economics Of Water Scarcity","idno":"RR_WLD_2025_440"},"data_statement":"All data sources are publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","software":[{"name":"Stata","version":"18 MP"}],"scripts":[{"title":"Reproducibility package for The Economics Of Water Scarcity ","date":"2025-11","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank.","instructions":"See README in reproducibility package.","file_name":"RR_WLD_2025_440","zip_package":"RR_WLD_2025_440.zip","dependencies":"Stata dependencies are listed in the ado folder."}],"repository_uri":[{"name":"Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank)","uri":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org"}],"production_date":"2025-11-03","abstract":"In many countries in North and South America, water scarcity could become a macroeconomically relevant concern. While countries in the Americas have substantial surface water and groundwater resources, available indicators show that these are being depleted. As a key input into production processes (agriculture, power generation, industrial use) and a common good, water resources risk being overexploited. Regressions with panel data for 169 countries between 1990 and 2020 show that higher water scarcity is associated with lower GDP growth and investment, and higher inflation. Water use efficiency is associated with higher GDP growth and lower inflation. Climate scenarios show risks of much more severe water shortages in the future, threatening its sustainable use. This could impose higher costs on individual sectors and on the economy, reducing output and pushing up prices. Water availability and use could thus become an area for economists and central banks to monitor in the context of climate change, economic forecasting and monetary policy.","geographic_units":[{"name":"World","code":"WLD"}],"keywords":[{"name":"Water Scarcity"},{"name":"Tragedy Of The Commons"},{"name":"Climate Change"},{"name":"Natural Resources"}],"topics":[{"id":" Q25 ","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Water","parent_id":"Q2"},{"id":" Q50","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"General","parent_id":"Q5"},{"id":"L95","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":" Gas Utilities; Pipelines; Water Utilities ","url":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","parent_id":"L5","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel"}],"output":[{"type":"Working Paper","description":"Policy Research Working Papers (PRWP)","title":"The Economics Of Water Scarcity"}],"language":[{"name":"English","code":"EN"}],"technology_requirements":"Run time: ~ 45 minutes","disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","license":[{"name":"Modified BSD3","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/bsd-3-clause\/"}],"contacts":[{"name":"Serafin Martinez Jaramillo","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"smartinezjaramil@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org"}],"technology_environment":"Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:\n\u2022 OS: Windows 11 Enterprise\n\u2022 Processor: INTEL(R) XEON(R) PLATINUM 8562Y+ 2.80 GHz (4 processors)\n\u2022 Memory available: 32.0 GB","datasets":[{"citation":"FAO. (2024). Global Information System on Water and Agriculture (AQUASTAT). Accessed on January 2024. https:\/\/data.apps.fao.org\/aquastat\/?lang=en.Licence: CC-BY-4.0.","name":"Global Information System on Water and Agriculture (AQUASTAT)","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.fao.org\/contact-us\/terms\/db-terms-of-use\/en\/","access_type":"Publicly Available and included in the package.","uri":"https:\/\/data.apps.fao.org\/aquastat\/?lang=en","note":"Data accessed in January 2024. The filters applied were all countries and all variables.\nFiles: Data\/CSV\/AQUASTAT Statistics Bulk Download (English).csv\n"},{"uri":"https:\/\/fred.stlouisfed.org\/series\/CPIAUCSL","citation":"U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: All Items in U.S. City Average [CPIAUCSL], retrieved from FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis; https:\/\/fred.stlouisfed.org\/series\/CPIAUCSL, January 28, 2024","name":"Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: All Items in U.S. City Average","access_type":"Publicly Available and included in the package.","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/bls\/linksite.htm","note":"Files: Data\/Excel\/FRED CPIAUCSL.xls\n"},{"citation":"Based on data provided by Food and Agriculture Organisation of United Nations (FAO), downloaded from the UN-Water SDG 6 Data Portal (https:\/\/sdg6data.org\/) on January 2024.","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.sdg6data.org\/en\/about\/terms-of-use","access_type":"Publicly Available and included in the package.","note":"Data has the variables of subsections 641 and 642 from Sustainable Development Goal 6 on water and sanitation (SDG 6) related water use efficiency, levels of water stress and freshwater withdrawal for each country.\nFiles: Data\/Excel\/sdg6data_download10Mar2024_641_642.xlsx","name":"Water-Use Efficiency and Water Stress"},{"citation":"United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2024). World Population Prospects 2024, Online Edition.","name":"Probabilistic Population Projections ","note":"Data contains based Probabilistic Population Projections on the World Population Prospects 2024. Data accessed September 2024. Filters were \u201cProbabilistic Projections (PPP scenarios) \u2013 (Population \u2013 Both sexes XLSX)\u201d.\nFiles: Data\/Excel\/UN_PPP2024_Output_PopTot.xlsx","access_type":"Publicly Available and included in the package.","license":"July 2024 by United Nations, made available under a Creative Commons license CC BY 3.0 IGO: http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/igo\/","uri":"https:\/\/population.un.org\/wpp\/downloads?folder=Standard%20Projections&group=Most%20used"},{"citation":"Feenstra, Robert C., Robert Inklaar and Marcel P. Timmer (2015), \"The Next Generation of the Penn World Table\" American Economic Review, 105(10), 3150-3182, available for download at www.ggdc.net\/pwt","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ","name":"Penn World Table version 10.01","access_type":"Publicly Available and included in the package.","note":"Data was accessed in January 2024. \nFiles: Data\/Stata\/pwt1001.dta\n","uri":"https:\/\/www.rug.nl\/ggdc\/productivity\/pwt\/pwt-releases\/pwt1001"},{"name":"Penn World Table version 9.1","citation":"Feenstra, Robert C., Robert Inklaar and Marcel P. Timmer (2015), \"The Next Generation of the Penn World Table\" American Economic Review, 105(10), 3150-3182, available for download at www.ggdc.net\/pwt","access_type":"Publicly Available and included in the package.","note":"NA data was accessed in June 2019. \nFiles: Data\/Stata\/pwt91_na_data.dta\n","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ","uri":"https:\/\/www.rug.nl\/ggdc\/productivity\/pwt\/pwt-releases\/pwt9.1"},{"license_uri":"https:\/\/stat.unido.org\/terms-and-conditions","name":"UNIDO Industrial Statistics (INDSTAT) Revision 2 Database","citation":"UNIDO, \u2018UNIDO Statistics Portal\u2019, https:\/\/stat.unido.org\/","access_type":"Publicly Available and included in the package.","note":"Data was accessed in January 2024. The dataset has since been discontinued; newer versions are available at https:\/\/stat.unido.org\/.\nFiles: Data\/Excel\/INDSTAT2 national_currency.xlsx: INDSTAT Revision 2 (23 manufacturing industries); real index and value added, all countries\/years, no metadata, national currency. Data\/Excel\/INDSTAT2_national_currency_metadata.xlsx: Same dataset with full metadata; all countries\/years, national currency."},{"name":"World Development Indicators","note":"The datasets were downloaded between January 2024 and October 2024. The following indicators are included in the files \u201cWB [Indicator name].xls\u201d and \u201cAPI_[Indicator].xls\u201d in the Data\/Excel folder: Control of Corruption: Estimate (CC.EST); Government Effectiveness: Estimate (GE.EST); Political Stability and Absence of Violence\/Terrorism: Estimate (PV.EST); Rule of Law: Estimate (RL.EST); Regulatory Quality: Estimate (RQ.EST); Voice and Accountability: Estimate (VA.EST); Access to electricity (% of population) (EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS); Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added (% of GDP) (NV.AGR.TOTL.ZS); Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added (annual % growth) (NV.AGR.TOTL.KD.ZG); Level of water stress: freshwater withdrawal as a proportion of available freshwater resources (ER.H2O.FWST.ZS); Inflation, consumer prices (annual %) (FP.CPI.TOTL.ZG); Electric power transmission and distribution losses (% of output) (EG.ELC.LOSS.ZS); Electricity production from oil, gas, and coal sources (% of total) (EG.ELC.FOSL.ZS); Electricity production from coal sources (% of total) (EG.ELC.COAL.ZS); Electricity production from hydroelectric sources (% of total) (EG.ELC.HYRO.ZS); Electricity production from nuclear sources (% of total) (EG.ELC.NUCL.ZS); Electricity production from oil sources (% of total) (EG.ELC.PETR.ZS); Electricity production from renewable sources, excluding hydroelectric (% of total) (EG.ELC.RNWX.ZS); Electricity production from renewable sources, excluding hydroelectric (kWh) (EG.ELC.RNWX.KH); Food production index (2014\u20132016 = 100) (AG.PRD.FOOD.XD); Annual freshwater withdrawals, agriculture (% of total freshwater withdrawal) (ER.H2O.FWAG.ZS); Annual freshwater withdrawals, domestic (% of total freshwater withdrawal) (ER.H2O.FWDM.ZS); Annual freshwater withdrawals, industry (% of total freshwater withdrawal) (ER.H2O.FWIN.ZS); Annual freshwater withdrawals, total (% of internal resources) (ER.H2O.FWTL.ZS); GDP growth (annual %) (NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG); GDP per capita, PPP (constant 2017 international $) (NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.KD); Gross capital formation (% of GDP) (NE.GDI.TOTL.ZS); Gross capital formation (annual % growth) (NE.GDI.TOTL.KD.ZG); Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP) (NE.GDI.FTOT.ZS); Gross fixed capital formation, private sector (% of GDP) (NE.GDI.FPRV.ZS); Gross fixed capital formation (annual % growth) (NE.GDI.FTOT.KD.ZG); Industry (including construction), value added (% of GDP) (NV.IND.TOTL.ZS); Industry (including construction), value added (annual % growth) (NV.IND.TOTL.KD.ZG); Manufacturing, value added (% of GDP) (NV.IND.MANF.ZS); Manufacturing, value added (annual % growth) (NV.IND.MANF.KD.ZG); Population, total (SP.POP.TOTL); Services, value added (% of GDP) (NV.SRV.TOTL.ZS); Services, value added (annual % growth) (NV.SRV.TOTL.KD.ZG); Total natural resources rents (% of GDP) (NY.GDP.TOTL.RT.ZS); Official exchange rate (LCU per US$, period average) (PA.NUS.FCRF); Water productivity, total (constant 2015 US$ GDP per cubic meter of total freshwater withdrawal) (ER.GDP.FWTL.M3.KD).\n\n","citation":"The World Bank. World Development Indicators. https:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/source\/world-development-indicators (accessed 2024).\n","access_type":"Publicly Available and included in the package.","license_uri":"https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/summary-terms-of-use","license":" CC BY 4.0"},{"access_type":"Complied by the authors and included in the package.","note":"Compiled by the authors. Data contains ISO codes, continents, and regions for each country.\nFiles: Data\/Stata\/CountryDataMatching_vs0.dta; Data\/Excel\/ISO 3166 Codes.xlsx.","citation":"Jon Frost, Carlos Madeira and Serafin Martinez. 2024. \"ISO codes and regions [dataset]\"","name":"Country and ISO code classification"}],"reproduction_instructions":"Update the global in line 3 in the do-file \"Main_WaterScarcity_FMM_2025\" and run the do-file.\n"},"tags":[{"tag":"DOI"},{"tag":"Open Code"},{"tag":"Open Data"}],"schematype":"script"}