{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","abbr":"DECDI","affiliation":"World Bank - Development Impact Department","role":"Verification and preparation of metadata"}],"prod_date":"2025-10-27","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"authoring_entity":[{"name":"Camilla Knudsen","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"cknudsen@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Fernanda Senra de Moura","affiliation":"World Bank; University of Oxford","email":"fmoura@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Joris B\u00fccker","affiliation":"World Bank; University of Oxford","email":"jbucker@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Penny Mealy","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"pmealy@worldbank.org"}],"title_statement":{"title":"Reproducibility package for Five Frictions: Key Labor Market Barriers To Unlocking Job Growth In The Green Transition","idno":"FR_WLD_2025_439"},"data_statement":"Some data is restricted and has not been included in the reproducibility package. For more details, please refer to the README file.","software":[{"name":"Python","version":"3.13.5"},{"name":"Gephi","version":"0.10.1"}],"scripts":[{"title":"Reproducibility package for Five Frictions: Key Labor Market Barriers To Unlocking Job Growth In The Green Transition","date":"2025-10","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank.","instructions":"See README in reproducibility package.","file_name":"FR1_WLD_2025_439","zip_package":"FR1_WLD_2025_439.zip"}],"repository_uri":[{"name":"Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank)","uri":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org"}],"production_date":"2025-10-27","abstract":"The labor market is undergoing major changes driven by technological, economic, and demographic factors. Climate change and climate action are contributing to these shifts, driving growth in some sectors while causing decline in others. In the context of the green transition, the overall impact on employment is expected to be neutral or net positive. However, labor market frictions can hinder workers from transitioning out of declining sectors or into growing ones, posing significant development challenges. These bottlenecks can slow down the pace of the green transition and lead to adverse outcomes for workers who are unable to find suitable alternative employment, resulting in negative impacts at both micro and macroeconomic levels. This paper proposes a framework that classifies labor market frictions along five dimensions: what workers do, where workers are, when workers are available, who workers are, and why people work. Frictions arise when there is a misalignment between labor supply and labor demand in any of these dimensions. Within the framework, these misalignments are categorized as skill-, spatial-, temporal-, norm-, or preference-related mismatches, respectively. Drawing on insights from World Bank analyses, the paper further identifies potential solutions to address each friction, providing guidance for policymakers to facilitate smoother workforce transitions and maximize macroeconomic benefits from the green transition. Although developed in the context of the green transition, the framework can be generalized to other economic shocks and transformations.","geographic_units":[{"name":"World","code":"WLD"}],"output":[{"description":" World Bank Reports & Flagships","title":"Five Frictions: Key Labor Market Barriers To Unlocking Job Growth In The Green Transition","type":"Flagship or other report","uri":"https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/entities\/publication\/0975ae6e-0203-4290-8b4d-b128cc5fc081"}],"language":[{"name":"English","code":"EN"}],"disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","license":[{"name":"Modified BSD3","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/bsd-3-clause\/"}],"contacts":[{"name":"Camilla Knudsen","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"cknudsen@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org"}],"datasets":[{"name":"RAIS \u2013 Rela\u00e7\u00e3o Anual de Informa\u00e7\u00f5es Sociais","note":"Source: The Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE)","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","uri":"https:\/\/ces.ibge.gov.br\/base-de-dados\/metadados\/mte\/relacao-anual-de-informacoes-sociais-rais","citation":"Brazilian Ministry of Labor and Economy. 1975. \"RAIS \u2013 Rela\u00e7\u00e3o Anual de Informa\u00e7\u00f5es Sociais [dataset],\" Accessed via The Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics [distributor] https:\/\/ces.ibge.gov.br\/base-de-dados\/metadados\/mte\/relacao-anual-de-informacoes-sociais-rais, 2025"},{"name":"The Georgia Labor Force Surveys (2020-2023)","note":"Source: National Statistics Office of Georgia\nLocated at: Data\\Georgia\\","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the package.","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.geostat.ge\/en\/page\/monacemta-gamoyenebis-pirobebi","uri":"https:\/\/www.geostat.ge\/en\/modules\/categories\/130\/labour-force-survey-databases","citation":"National Statistics Office of Georgia. 2024. \"Labour Force Survey [dataset],\" https:\/\/www.geostat.ge\/en\/modules\/categories\/130\/labour-force-survey-databases, 2025.","license":"Open Data License"},{"uri":"https:\/\/esco.ec.europa.eu\/en","note":"Source: European Union ESCO (European Skills, Competences, and Occupations)\nLocated at: Data\\ESCO\\","name":"Data on occupations and skills","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) ","license_uri":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the package.","citation":"European Skills, Competences, Qualifications and Occupations (ESCO). 2024. \"Data on occupations and skills [dataset],\" https:\/\/esco.ec.europa.eu\/en, 2025."},{"name":"Brasil - Municipal Network (2017)","note":"Source: Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics\nLocated at: Data\\Brazil shapefile","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.ibge.gov.br\/acesso-informacao\/acoes-e-programas\/politica-de-privacidade.html","uri":"https:\/\/www.ibge.gov.br\/geociencias\/organizacao-do-territorio\/malhas-territoriais\/15774-malhas.html?edicao=27411&t=o-que-e","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the package.","license":"Open Data License","citation":"Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. 2017. \"Municipal Network [dataset],\" https:\/\/www.ibge.gov.br\/geociencias\/organizacao-do-territorio\/malhas-territoriais\/15774-malhas.html?edicao=27411&t=acesso-ao-produto, 2025."}],"reproduction_instructions":"Access to some of the datasets used in this reproducibility package is restricted. Please see details in the README.\nBecause reviewers did not have access to the restricted data, only Figure 9 was verified. Figures 6 and 10 could not be verified due to these data limitations; however, the code to generate them is included in the package.\nAs the restricted data are not accessible, this reproducibility package includes the outputs for Figure 9 generated by the reviewers during verification. These are located in the \u201cOut\u201d folder.","technology_requirements":"Runtime: Approximately 2 minutes.","technology_environment":"Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:\n\u2022 OS: Windows 11 Enterprise, version 24H2\n\u2022 Processor: Intel(R) Core(TM) Ultra 7 165U (2.10 GHz)\n\u2022 Memory available: 32 GB"},"tags":[{"tag":"DOI"},{"tag":"Open Code"},{"tag":"Restricted Data"}],"schematype":"script"}