{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","abbr":"DECDI","affiliation":"World Bank - Development Impact Department","role":"Verification and preparation of metadata"}],"prod_date":"2025-11-11","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"authoring_entity":[{"name":"Fabiola Saavedra-Caballero","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"fsaavedra@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Ana Maria Tribin Uribe","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"atribinuribe@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Caroline Perrin","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"cperrin@worldbank.org"}],"title_statement":{"title":"Reproducibility package for How Laws Promote Economic Opportunities: A Review","idno":"RR_WLD_2025_480"},"data_statement":"All data sources are publicly available and included in the reproducibility package. ","software":[{"name":"Stata","version":"19.5 MP"}],"scripts":[{"title":"Reproducibility package for How Laws Promote Economic Opportunities: A Review","date":"2025-11","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank.","instructions":"See README in reproducibility package.","file_name":"RR_WLD_2025_480","zip_package":"RR_WLD_2025_480.zip","dependencies":"Stata dependencies are listed in the ado folder."}],"repository_uri":[{"name":"Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank)","uri":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org"}],"production_date":"2025-11-11","abstract":"This paper presents a comprehensive review of the literature on how legal frameworks, regulations, and rights influence women\u2019s economic opportunities. Drawing on the Women, Business and the Law (2024) framework as a reference point, the paper adopts a life cycle approach to examine how legal frameworks and policies shape women\u2019s roles as economic actors across different stages of their working lives. It highlights strong evidence showing that the abolition or reform of gender-discriminatory laws can enhance women's economic empowerment by shifting both legal constraints and embedded social norms, though the magnitude and nature of these effects vary across contexts. Persistent gaps are identified in key areas such as pension systems, childcare legislation, and protection against gender-based violence. The review underscores that legal reform alone is insufficient: advancing women\u2019s economic opportunities requires a combination of well-designed laws, their effective enforcement, and complementary policies that address informal institutional barriers. Nevertheless, legal reforms can serve as a meaningful first step toward ensuring better economic opportunities for women. ","geographic_units":[{"name":"World","code":"WLD"}],"keywords":[{"name":"Literature Review"},{"name":"Legal Reforms"},{"name":"Legal Frameworks"},{"name":"Economic Opportunities"}],"topics":[{"id":"J16","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Economics of Gender \u2022 Non-labor Discrimination","parent_id":"J1"},{"id":" K38","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Human Rights Law \u2022 Gender Law \u2022 Animal Rights Law","parent_id":"K3"},{"id":" K31","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Labor Law","parent_id":"K3"},{"id":" D63","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement","parent_id":"D6"}],"output":[{"type":"Working Paper","description":"Policy Research Working Papers (PRWP)","title":"How Laws Promote Economic Opportunities: A Review"}],"language":[{"name":"English","code":"EN"}],"technology_requirements":"Runtime:  4.25 seconds","disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","license":[{"name":"Modified BSD3","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/bsd-3-clause\/"}],"contacts":[{"name":"Fabiola Saavedra-Caballero","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"fsaavedra@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org"}],"datasets":[{"uri":"https:\/\/wbl.worldbank.org\/content\/dam\/sites\/wbl\/documents\/2024\/WBL2024_LEGAL_EconLevel_ToPublish.dta","name":"Women Business and the Law","note":"Files location: data\/wbl_data\/wbl_data2024\/WBL2024_LEGAL_EconLevel_ToPublish","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/about\/legal\/terms-of-use-for-datasets","citation":"Women, Business and the Law (WBL). WBL2024_LEGAL_EconLevel_ToPublish.dta [dataset].\nWorld Bank. Available at: https:\/\/wbl.worldbank.org\/content\/dam\/sites\/wbl\/documents\/2024\/WBL2024_LEGAL_EconLevel_ToPublish.dta"},{"name":"World Development Indicators","note":"Files location: data\/wdi_data\/P_Data_Extract_From_WDI_FLFP_2023; P_Data_Extract_From_WDI_GDPpc_2020_2024. Indicators used: female labour participation, ","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/about\/legal\/terms-of-use-for-datasets","uri":"https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/","citation":"World Bank. World Development Indicators: GDP per capita, PPP (NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.KD);  Female Labor Force Participation (SL.TLF.CACT.FE.ZS) [dataset].\nAvailable at: https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/"}],"reproduction_instructions":"To reproduce the findings, a new user needs to: \n1. Change the path in the `0_master` do file. \n2. Run the code. ","technology_environment":"Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:\n\u2022 OS: Windows 11 Enterprise\n\u2022 Processor: Intel(R) Xeon(R) Gold 6226R CPU @ 2.90GHz\n\u2022 Memory available: 16.0 GB"},"tags":[{"tag":"DOI"},{"tag":"Open Code"},{"tag":"Open Data"}],"schematype":"script"}