{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","abbr":"DECDI","affiliation":"World Bank - Development Impact Department","role":"Verification and preparation of metadata"}],"prod_date":"2026-02-24","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"authoring_entity":[{"name":"Penelope Mealy","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"pmealy@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Camilla Knudsen","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"cknudsen@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Joris Bucker","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"bucker@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Fernanda Senra de Moura","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"fmoura@worldbank.org"}],"title_statement":{"title":"Reproducibility Package for Beyond Green Jobs: Advancing Metrics And Modelling Approaches For A Changing Labor Market","idno":"RR_WLD_2025_477"},"data_statement":"Some data is restricted and has not been included in the reproducibility package.","software":[{"name":"Python","version":"3.8.17"},{"name":"Excel","version":"Microsoft Excel for Microsoft 365 MSO"}],"scripts":[{"title":"Reproducibility package for Beyond Green Jobs: Advancing Metrics And Modelling Approaches For A Changing Labor Market","date":"2026-02","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank.","instructions":"See README in reproducibility package.","file_name":"RR_WLD_2025_477","zip_package":"RR_WLD_2025_477.zip","dependencies":"Python dependencies are listed in the \"envir_bg.yml\" file."}],"repository_uri":[{"name":"Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank)","uri":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org"}],"production_date":"2026-02-24","abstract":"The concept of \u201cgreen jobs\u201d has received widespread attention in academic, policy, and public discourse, reflecting the growing emphasis on sustainability and the transition to a low-carbon economy. However, defining and measuring green jobs remains analytically challenging and highly sensitive to methodological choices. This paper demonstrates that depending on classification criteria and data aggregation approaches, the share of occupations identified as \u2018green\u2019 can range from just 4 percent to as high as 74 percent, raising concerns about the comparability and usefulness of green job estimates in practice. Moving beyond the traditional \u201cgreen jobs\u201d framing, the paper proposes a more pragmatic and flexible approach that focuses on identifying \u2018jobs-in-demand\u2019 and \u2018jobs-at-risk\u2019 under specific transition scenarios. This approach allows for application across different country contexts, different transition scenarios and can also incorporate other structural labor market shocks, such as technological change or demographic shifts. The paper also reviews methodologies for analyzing labor re-allocation in the context of a given labor market shock, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of relying on historical job transition patterns compared to more forward-looking task and skill similarity measures. It discusses key challenges in integrating labor market dynamics into macroeconomic models and highlights emerging efforts in hybrid modeling that combine macroeconomic frameworks with micro-level labor market insights. The paper concludes by outlining priority areas for future research and methodological development.","geographic_units":[{"name":"World","code":"WLD"}],"keywords":[{"name":"Green Jobs"},{"name":"Labor Mobility"},{"name":"Labor Market Modelling"},{"name":"Structural Change"},{"name":"Just Transition"}],"topics":[{"id":"J21","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure","parent_id":"J2"},{"id":" J24","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Human Capital \u2022 Skills \u2022 Occupational Choice \u2022 Labor Productivity","parent_id":"J2"},{"id":" J62","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Job, Occupational, and Intergenerational Mobility","parent_id":"J6"},{"id":" Q52","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Pollution Control Adoption and Costs \u2022 Distributional Effects \u2022 Employment Effects","parent_id":"Q5"},{"id":" Q56","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Environment and Development \u2022 Environment and Trade \u2022 Sustainability \u2022 Environmental Accounts and Accounting \u2022 Environmental Equity \u2022 Population Growth","parent_id":"Q5"}],"output":[{"type":"Working Paper","description":"Policy Research Working Papers (PRWP) 11262","title":"Beyond Green Jobs: Advancing Metrics And Modelling Approaches For A Changing Labor Market","uri":" https:\/\/documents.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/099847011182529144","doi":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1596\/1813-9450-11262"}],"language":[{"name":"English","code":"EN"}],"disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","license":[{"name":"Modified BSD3","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/bsd-3-clause\/"}],"contacts":[{"name":"Penelope Mealy","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"pmealy@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org"}],"datasets":[{"name":"Rela\u00e7\u00e3o Anual de Informa\u00e7\u00f5es Sociais (RAIS)","note":"Source: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat\u00edstica (IBGE).\nData files: \"Data\/brazil\/cbo_2002_grau_instr__matrix_2020.csv\", \"Data\/brazil\/cbo_2002_sub_cnae20__matrix_2020.csv\".\nData was accessed in March 2023.","access_type":"Data access requires human approval and is not included in the reproducibility package.","uri":"https:\/\/ces.ibge.gov.br\/base-de-dados\/metadados\/mte\/relacao-anual-de-informacoes-sociais-rais","citation":"Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat\u00edstica. n.d. \"Rela\u00e7\u00e3o Anual de Informa\u00e7\u00f5es Sociais (RAIS)\" [dataset]. Accessed from https:\/\/ces.ibge.gov.br\/base-de-dados\/metadados\/mte\/relacao-anual-de-informacoes-sociais-rais.\nAccessed March 2023."},{"name":"Continuous National Household Survey 2019, Global Labour Database Harmonized Dataset","note":"Source: World Bank - Jobs Global Practice.\nData is only accessible for World Bank staff.\nData file: \"Data\/brazil\/BRA_2019_PNADC_v01_M_v02_A_GLD_STATA14.zip\".\nData was accessed in September 2025.","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","license_uri":"https:\/\/microdatalib.worldbank.org\/index.php\/data-access\/#research","license":"World Bank Microdata Library - Research microdata","uri":"https:\/\/microdatalib.worldbank.org\/index.php\/catalog\/13106\/","citation":"World Bank - Jobs Global Practice. 2019. \"Continuous National Household Survey 2019, Global Labour Database Harmonized Dataset\" [dataset]. Accessed from https:\/\/microdatalib.worldbank.org\/index.php\/catalog\/13106\/. Accessed September 2025."},{"name":"Bhutan Labor Force Survey","note":"Source: Bhutan National Statistics Bureau.\nData was accessed for 2022.\nData file: \"Data\/Bhutan\/LFS2022_PUF.dta\".\nData was accessed in November 2023.","uri":"https:\/\/www.nsb.gov.bt\/services\/statistical-data-request\/","access_type":"Data access requires human approval and is not included in the reproducibility package.","citation":"Bhutan National Statistics Bureau. n.d. \"Bhutan Labor Force Survey\" [dataset]. Year: 2022. Accessed from https:\/\/www.nsb.gov.bt\/services\/statistical-data-request\/. Accessed November 2023."},{"name":"Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics","note":"Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.\nData files \"Data\/bls\/oesm18nat\/field_descriptions.xlsx\" and \"Data\/bls\/oesm18nat\/national_M2018_dl.xlsx\" were accessed from the URL https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/oes\/special.requests\/oesm18nat.zip in September 2025. \"Data\/bls\/oesm23in4\/nat4d_M2023_dl.xlsx\", \"Data\/bls\/oesm23in4\/natsector_M2023_dl.xlsx\" were accessed from https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/oes\/special-requests\/oesm23in4.zip in September 2025. \"Data\/bls\/ag_data_2011.xlsx\" was accessed from https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/oes\/ag_data_2011.xlsx in June 2025. \"Data\/bls\/oesm11in4.zip\" was accessed from https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/oes\/special-requests\/oesm11in4.zip in June 2025.","uri":"https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/oes\/","citation":"U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. n.d. \"Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics\" [dataset]. Accessed from https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/oes\/. Accessed September 2025.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/bls\/linksite.htm"},{"name":"Employment Projections - Education and Training Data","note":"Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.\nData file: \"Data\/bls\/education.xlsx\"\nData was accessed in November 2024.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/bls\/linksite.htm","uri":"https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/emp\/documentation\/education-training-system.htm","citation":"U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. n.d. \"Employment Projections - Education and Training Data\" [dataset]. Accessed from https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/emp\/documentation\/education-training-system.htm. Accessed November 2024."},{"name":"International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) and Standard Classification of Occupations (SOC) Crosswalk","note":"Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.\nThe file \"Data\/bls\/isco_soc_crosswalk.xls\" was downloaded from the data URL. The file \"Data\/manual\/ISCO_agriculture.xlsx\" was manually constructed by the authors with data from the data URL to do a manual classification of agricultural occupations. The file \"Data\/manual\/soc_missing_isco_manual.csv\" was manually constructed by the authors with data from the data URL. The file \"Data\/manual\/onet_bls_crosswalks.xlsx\" was manually constructed by the authors with data from the data URL and the ONET*24.0 dataset to harmonize the O*NET and BLS classifications.\nData was accessed in June 2025.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/bls\/linksite.htm","uri":"https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/soc\/isco_soc_crosswalk.xls","citation":"U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2015. \"International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) and Standard Classification of Occupations (SOC) Crosswalk\" [dataset]. Accessed from https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/soc\/isco_soc_crosswalk.xls. Accessed June 2025."},{"name":"European Skills, Competences, Qualifications and Occupations","note":"Source: European Commission. Dataset version: 1.2.0. Data files: \"Data\/ESCO\/broaderRelationsOccPillar_en.csv\", \"Data\/ESCO\/broaderRelationsSkillPillar_en.csv\", \"Data\/ESCO dataset - v1.2.0 - classification - en - csv.zip\", \"Data\/ISCOGroups_en.csv\", \"Data\/occupations_en.csv\", \"Data\/occupationSkillRelations_en.csv\", \"Data\/skillGroups_en.csv\", \"Data\/skills_en.csv\", \"Data\/skillsHierarchy_en.csv\". Data was accessed in June 2024.","license":"CC-BY 4.0","license_uri":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","uri":"https:\/\/esco.ec.europa.eu\/en","citation":"European Commission. n.d. \"European Skills, Competences, Qualifications and Occupations\" [dataset]. Version 1.2.0. Accessed from https:\/\/esco.ec.europa.eu\/en. Accessed June 2024."},{"name":"Green occupations and skills","note":"Source: Granata, J., Posadas, J.\nThe data was manually copied from tables in the appendix of \"Why Look at Tasks When Designing Skills Policy for the Green Transition? A Methodological Note on How to Identify Green Occupations and the Skills They Require\".\nData file: \"Data\/granata_posadas\/Which jobs are green - Granata Posadas.xlsx\".\nData was accessed in November 2023.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"CC BY 3.0 IGO","license_uri":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/igo\/","uri":"https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/entities\/publication\/0fbe9c25-c37b-48a5-82d8-e2d4536fd494","citation":"Granata, J., Posadas, J. 2024. \"Green occupations and skills\" [dataset]. https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/entities\/publication\/0fbe9c25-c37b-48a5-82d8-e2d4536fd494 Accessed November 2023."},{"name":"International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) Similarity Scores","note":"Source: World Bank.\nThe data is a supplementary material for \"Country Climate and Development Report : Background Note 8 - Transition from Brown to Green Jobs : its Potential, Poverty and Distributional Impacts in Argentina\" (http:\/\/documents.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/099250112052211003).\nData file: \"Data\/isco\/ISCO occ similarity matrix NLP.xlsx\".\nData was accessed in March 2024.","access_type":"Data is forthcoming in the World Bank Development Data Hub.","citation":"World Bank. n.d. \"International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) Similarity Scores\" [dataset]. Unpublished data. Accessed March 2024."},{"name":"ONET 24.0","note":"Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration.\nData files: \"Data\/onet\/Green Occupations.xlsx\", \"Data\/onet\/Green Task Statements\", \"Data\/onet\/Occupation Data\", \"Data\/onet\/Task Statements\", \"Data\/onet\/Tasks to Green DWAs\", \"Data\/onet\/work activities\/IWA Reference\", \"Data\/onet\/work activities\/Tasks to DWAs\".The file \"Data\/manual\/onet_bls_crosswalks.xlsx\" was manually constructed by the authors with data from the data URL and the ISCO-SOC crosswalk dataset to harmonize the O*NET and BLS classifications.\nData was accessed in April 2025.","uri":"https:\/\/www.onetcenter.org\/dictionary\/24.0\/excel\/","license_uri":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/","license":"CC-BY 4.0","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","citation":"U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration. 2019. \"ONET 24.0\" [dataset]. Accessed from https:\/\/www.onetcenter.org\/dictionary\/24.0\/excel\/. Accessed April 2025."},{"name":"ONET 30.0","uri":"https:\/\/www.onetcenter.org\/dictionary\/30.0\/excel\/","license_uri":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/","license":"CC-BY 4.0","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","note":"Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration.\nData files: \"Data\/onet\/work activities\/IWA Reference_30\", \"Data\/onet\/work activities\/Tasks to DWAs_30\".\nData was accessed in August 2025.","citation":"U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration. 2025. \"ONET 30.0\" [dataset]. Accessed from https:\/\/www.onetcenter.org\/dictionary\/30.0\/excel\/. Accessed August 2025."}],"reproduction_instructions":"1. **Access the data:** Two datasets required to reproduce the results from data cleaning are not included in the reproducibility package. Users need to gain access to all data before being able to run the entire code. See the section Datasets for more information. The code can still run without these datasets, but the results will come from hard-coded values as opposed to from data cleaning. See the README for details.\n2. **Reproduce the Python environment**: Reproduce the conda Python environment with `conda env create -f envir_bg.yml`.\n3. **Make the environment available for papermill**: Activate the new environment and run `python -m ipykernel install --user --name envir_bg`.\n4. **Run the code:** run *main* py.","technology_requirements":"Runtime: 20 minutes.","technology_environment":"Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:\n\u2022 OS: Windows 11 Enterprise, version 25H2\n\u2022 Processor: Intel(R) Core(TM) Ultra 7 165U (2.10 GHz)\n\u2022 Memory available: 31.5 GB"},"tags":[{"tag":"DOI"},{"tag":"Open Code"},{"tag":"Restricted Data"}],"schematype":"script"}