{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","abbr":"DECDI","affiliation":"World Bank - Development Impact Department","role":"Verification and preparation of metadata"}],"prod_date":"2025-11-19","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"authoring_entity":[{"name":"Yi Jie Gwee","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"ygwee@worldbank.org"}],"title_statement":{"title":"Reproducibility package for Seeds Of Change: The Effects Of The Introduction Of Bt Cotton In India","idno":"RR_IND_2025_488"},"data_statement":"All data sources are publicly available but not all are included in the reproducibility package.","software":[{"name":"Stata","version":"18 MP"},{"name":"ArcGIS Pro ","version":"3.5.3"}],"scripts":[{"title":"Reproducibility package for Seeds Of Change: The Effects Of The Introduction Of Bt Cotton In India","date":"2025-11","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank.","instructions":"See README in reproducibility package.","file_name":"RR_IND_2025_488","zip_package":"RR_IND_2025_488.zip","dependencies":"Stata dependencies are listed in the ado folder."}],"repository_uri":[{"name":"Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank)","uri":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org"}],"production_date":"2025-11-19","abstract":"Although many studies have examined the factors affecting structural transformation, the role of relative factor endowments has not been extensively explored. This paper examines the effects of the introduction of Bt cotton in India and finds substantial increases in cotton output and the land allocated to growing it. The effects diminish as the ratio of labor-to-land increases. This suggests that when inputs are complementary and technological change is labor augmenting, the relative scarcity of other inputs can limit productivity gains, shaping patterns of structural transformation. Despite increases in cotton land and output, the share of workers in agriculture remained unchanged.","geographic_units":[{"name":"India","code":"IND"}],"keywords":[{"name":"Structural Transformation"},{"name":"Technological Change"},{"name":"Labor Reallocation"},{"name":"Migration"}],"topics":[{"id":"J43","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Agricultural Labor Markets","parent_id":"J4"},{"id":" O13","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Agriculture \u2022 Natural Resources \u2022 Energy \u2022 Environment \u2022 Other Primary Products","parent_id":"O1"},{"id":" O14","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Industrialization \u2022 Manufacturing and Service Industries \u2022 Choice of Technology","parent_id":"O1"},{"id":" O33","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Technological Change: Choices and Consequences \u2022 Diffusion Processes","parent_id":"O3"},{"id":" Q15","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Land Ownership and Tenure \u2022 Land Reform \u2022 Land Use \u2022 Irrigation \u2022 Agriculture and Environment","parent_id":"Q1"},{"id":" Q16","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"R&D \u2022 Agricultural Technology \u2022 Biofuels \u2022 Agricultural Extension Services","parent_id":"Q1"}],"output":[{"type":"Working Paper","description":"Policy Research Working Papers (PRWP)","title":"Seeds Of Change: The Effects Of The Introduction Of Bt Cotton In India"}],"language":[{"name":"English","code":"EN"}],"disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","license":[{"name":"Modified BSD3","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/bsd-3-clause\/"}],"contacts":[{"name":"Yi Jie Gwee","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"ygwee@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org"}],"datasets":[{"access_type":"Publicly available and included in the package.","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License","license_uri":"http:\/\/data.icrisat.org\/dld\/src\/about-dld.html","name":"District Level Database (DLD) for Indian Agriculture and Allied Sectors","note":"Data files were downloaded and compiled from the source listed under Data URL. Detailed extraction instructions are provided in the README.\n\nFiles: raw\/DLD\/Apportionment.xlsx;  raw\/DLD\/Apportioned\/: Crops_Area Production Yield.csv; raw\/DLD\/Unapportioned\/: Census_Operational Holdings.csv; Crops_Area Production Yield.csv; Environment_Evapotranspiration.csv; Environment_Precipitation.csv; Environment_Temperature Maximum.csv; Environment_Temperature Minimum.csv; Infrastructure_Markets Roads.csv; Inputs_Fertilizer Consumption.csv; Irrigation_Sourcewise Irrigated Area.csv; Prices_Farm Harvest Prices.csv","uri":"http:\/\/data.icrisat.org\/dld\/src\/crops.html","citation":"International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) and Tata Cornell Institute (TCI). District Level Database (DLD) (Apportioned and Unapportioned). Hyderabad, India: ICRISAT and TCI. Accessed 2024\u20132025. "},{"license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License","uri":"https:\/\/www.openicpsr.org\/openicpsr\/project\/150441\/version\/V1\/view?path=\/openicpsr\/150441\/fcr:versions\/V1\/Data\/Source\/NSS&type=folder","citation":"Liu, Maggie, Shamdasani, Yogita, and Taraz, Vis. Data and Code for: Climate Change and Labor Reallocation: Evidence from Six Decades of the Indian Census: Data: Source: NSS. Nashville, TN: American Economic Association [publisher], 2023. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 2023-04-07. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/E150441V1-190886","name":"National Sample Survey \u2013 Employment and Unemployment module","note":"Files: \/raw\/NSS\/IND_NSS_43_EMP_1987_1988_clean.dta; IND_NSS_55_EMP_1999_2000_clean.dta; IND_NSS_61_EMP_2004_2005_clean.dta; IND_NSS_62_EMP_2005_2006_clean.dta; IND_NSS_64_EMP_2007_2008_clean.dta; IND_NSS_66_EMP_2009_2010_clean.dta; IND_NSS_68_EMP_2011_2012_clean.dta; stata12_final_1989-1989(44th)_v2.dta; stata12_final_2000-1989(55th)_v2.dta; stata12_final_2004-1989(60th)_v2.dta; stata12_final_2007-1989(64th)_v2.dta; stata12_final_2009-1989(66th)_v2.dta;  stata12_final_2012-1989(68th)_v2.dta\n","access_type":"Publicly available and included in the package."},{"note":"This file contains data that were digitized from some columns in Table 1 of the paper: Choudhary, Bhagirath and Kadambini Gaur, \u201cBiotech cotton in India, 2002 to 2014: Adoption, impact, progress & future,\u201d 2020. SAAA Series of Biotech Crop Profiles.\nFiles: \/raw\/Others\/Choudhary and Gaur (2015).xlsx","citation":"Choudhary, B. and Gaur, K. 2015. Biotech Cotton in India, 2002 to 2014. ISAAA Series of Biotech Crop Profiles. ISAAA: Ithaca, NY","access_type":"Publicly available and included in the package.","name":"Adoption of Bt Cotton"},{"name":"The Basic Statistical Returns","note":"The pdf files can be downloaded from the Reserve Bank of India\u2019s website. Follow the instructions in the README to download the files. \nFiles: raw\/Banks\/rbi_banks1999.xlsx","citation":"Reserve Bank of India. 1999. Basic Statistical Returns: District and Population Group\u2013Wise Deposits and Credit of Scheduled Commercial Banks. Tables 2.4 (Parts 1\u20134). Retrieved from: https:\/\/rbi.org.in\/Scripts\/AnnualPublications.aspx?head=Basic%20Statistical%20Returns. Accessed 2025.","access_type":"Publicly available and included in the package."},{"name":"India 2009 Second-level Geography","uri":"https:\/\/international.ipums.org\/international\/gis_yrspecific_2nd.shtml","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.ipums.org\/about\/terms#:~:text=Usage:%20You%20agree%20to%20use,venture%20either%20privately%2C%20or%20otherwise","access_type":"Data is publicly available but cannot be redistributed.","citation":"Steven Ruggles, Lara L. Cleveland, Rodrigo Lovat\u00f3n D\u00e1vila, Sula Sarkar, Matthew Sobek, Derek Burk, Dan E. Ehrlich, Jane Lee, and Nate Merrill. IPUMS International: Version 7.7 [dataset]. Minneapolis, MN: IPUMS, 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18128\/D020.V7.7","note":"Scroll to \u201cIndia\u201d and select \u201c2009\u201d to download the files from the URL below. \nFiles: Shapefiles in folder \/GIS Districts\/geo2_in2009"},{"name":" India 2009-10 employment survey","note":"Follow the instructions in the README to download the dataset. The metadata for the downloaded data can be found in \u201cGIS Districts\/IPUMS\/IPUMS India 2009-10.txt\u201d.\nFiles: \/GIS Districts\/IPUMS\/IPUMS India 2009-10.dta\n","access_type":"Data is publicly available but cannot be redistributed.","citation":"Steven Ruggles, Lara L. Cleveland, Rodrigo Lovat\u00f3n D\u00e1vila, Sula Sarkar, Matthew Sobek, Derek Burk, Dan E. Ehrlich, Jane Lee, and Nate Merrill. IPUMS International: Version 7.7 [dataset]. Minneapolis, MN: IPUMS, 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18128\/D020.V7.7","uri":"https:\/\/international.ipums.org\/international-action\/variables\/group.","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.ipums.org\/about\/terms#:~:text=Usage:%20You%20agree%20to%20use,venture%20either%20privately%2C%20or%20otherwise"},{"name":"Global Agro-Ecological Zones (GAEZ) database","note":"File contains the information on the potential yield of cotton under \u201chigh\u201d and \"low\" inputs. Accompanying metadata for the files can be found in \u201cGIS Districts\/FAO GAEZ\/Irrigated\/Agro-climatic Potential Yield_High.csv\u201d and  \u201cGIS Districts\/FAO GAEZ\/Irrigated\/Agro-climatic Potential Yield_Low.csv\u201d.\nFiles: \/GIS Districts\/FAO GAEZ\/cott200a_yld_high.tif; \/GIS Districts\/FAO GAEZ\/cott200a_yld_low.tif\n","access_type":"Publicly available and included in the package.","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.fao.org\/contact-us\/terms\/en\/","citation":"FAO and IIASA. Global Agro Ecological Zones version 4 (GAEZ v4). Accessed 2025. URL: http:\/\/www.fao.org\/gaez\/"}],"technology_requirements":"Run time: 10 minutes","reproduction_instructions":"1. **Secure Access to Data:** Access the datasets not included in the package. See subsection Datasets and the README for more details.\n2. **Download and Place Data:** Once the data is accessed, users should place it in the appropriate folder.\n3. **Run the Package:** After placing the data in the folder, run the files in the order:\n      - Update the global in line 14 of the do-file \"0_main\" to your folder's location and until the do-file \"c4_crosswalk_banks_dld\"\n      - Follow the instructions in the \"ArcGIS Reproducibility Instructions\" to process the datasets in ArcGIS\n      - Run the rest of the do-files in \"0_main\"\n\nSince all the data is not included, the package includes the results produced by replicators. These files can be used to review the results presented in the paper.","technology_environment":"Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:\n\u2022 OS: Windows 11 Enterprise\n\u2022 Processor: INTEL(R) XEON(R) PLATINUM 8562Y+ 2.80 GHz (4 processors)\n\u2022 Memory available: 32.0 GB"},"tags":[{"tag":"Accessible Data"},{"tag":"DOI"},{"tag":"Open Code"}],"schematype":"script"}