{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","abbr":"DECDI","affiliation":"World Bank - Development Impact Department","role":"Verification and preparation of metadata"}],"prod_date":"2025-12-10","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"authoring_entity":[{"name":"Talip Kilic","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"tkilic@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Marco Letta","affiliation":"Sapienza University","email":"marco.letta@uniroma1.it"},{"name":"Pierluigi Montalbano","affiliation":"Sapienza University","email":"pierluigi.montalbano@uniroma1.it"},{"name":"Federica Petruccelli","affiliation":"Sapienza University","email":"federica.petruccelli@uniroma1.it"}],"title_statement":{"title":"Reproducibility package for CLARE: A Causal Machine Learning Approach To Resilience Estimation","idno":"RR_AFR_2025_484"},"data_statement":"Some data used in the analysis are restricted and therefore not included in the reproducibility package. However, the intermediate datasets generated by the authors are provided and serve as the starting point of the package, enabling a full replication of all results.","software":[{"name":"R","version":"4.4.1"},{"name":"Stata","version":"18.5 MP"},{"name":"Excel"}],"scripts":[{"title":"Reproducibility package for Clare: A Causal Machine Learning Approach To Resilience Estimation","date":"2025-12","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank.","instructions":"See README in reproducibility package.","file_name":"RR_AFR_2025_484","zip_package":"RR_AFR_2025_484.zip","dependencies":"R dependencies are listed in the file renv.lock. Stata dependencies are listed in the ado folder."}],"repository_uri":[{"name":"Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank)","uri":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org"}],"production_date":"2025-12-10","abstract":"This paper proposes a new resilience index, CLARE (Causal machine Learning Approach to Resilience Estimation), which is rooted in an impact evaluation framework and causal machine learning algorithms applied to longitudinal household survey data. The indicator is model-agnostic, data-driven, scalable, and normatively anchored to wellbeing thresholds, and can be either shock-specific or a general-purpose resilience metric. The paper provides an empirical demonstration of constructing the CLARE resilience index, leveraging over 28,000 household observations from 19 nationally-representative, longitudinal, multi-topic surveys that were implemented by the national statistical offices in Malawi, Nigeria, Tanzania, and Uganda over the period of 2009-2020 in partnership with the World Bank Living Standards Measurement Study (LSMS). Although the paper centers on measuring resilience to drought, the proposed index is applicable to any type of shock. The analysis shows that CLARE outperforms existing resilience metrics and alternative approaches to predict food insecurity out-of-sample\u2014both in future (dynamic forecasting) and in held-out countries (cross-sectional prediction). Since the index can be decomposed to causally identify the relative importance of resilience capacities that can insulate populations from shocks, it can be operationalized in the design, targeting and monitoring of policies and investments that aim to strengthen resilience. CLARE\u2019s deployment\u2014paired with continued investments in national longitudinal survey platforms\u2014can boost the effectiveness of early-warning systems and resilience-building interventions, while allowing the transfer of resilience policy advice from data-rich contexts to data-poor environments that may not immediately provide the requisite longitudinal survey data for index estimation.","geographic_units":[{"name":"Africa","code":"AFR"}],"keywords":[{"name":"Resilience"},{"name":"Causal Machine Learning"},{"name":"Longitudinal Household Surveys"},{"name":"Impact Evaluation"},{"name":"Predictive Analytics"},{"name":"Policy Targeting"}],"topics":[{"id":"C31","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Cross-Sectional Models \u2022 Spatial Models \u2022 Treatment Effect Models \u2022 Quantile Regressions \u2022 Social Interaction Models","parent_id":"C3"},{"id":" O12","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development","parent_id":"O1"},{"id":" O15","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Human Resources \u2022 Human Development \u2022 Income Distribution \u2022 Migration","parent_id":"O1"}],"output":[{"type":"Working Paper","description":"Policy Research Working Papers (PRWP)","title":"CLARE: A Causal Machine Learning Approach To Resilience Estimation"}],"language":[{"name":"English","code":"EN"}],"technology_requirements":"Runtime: 30 minutes. ","disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","license":[{"name":"Modified BSD3","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/bsd-3-clause\/"}],"contacts":[{"name":"Talip Kilic","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"tkilic@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org"}],"reproduction_instructions":"To reproduce the findings in this paper, new users should follow the steps below:\n1. **Descriptive Statistics (Stata)**: Open `STEP 0 - Descriptive_Statistics.do`, update the file path in **line 5**, and run the code.\n2. **Estimation and Forecasting (R)**  \n   - Open the `.Rproj` file included in the package.  \n   - Restore the environment using `renv::restore()` (recommended), or manually install the required packages.  \n   - Run the script `STEP 1 - Estimation_Forecasting.R`.  \n   - Then run `STEP 1 - Estimation_Main_Country.R`, which executes all estimation steps for **Malawi, Nigeria, Tanzania, and Uganda**.\n3. **Aggregation and Evaluation \u2013 Forecasting (Stata)**  \n   Open `STEP 2 - Aggregation and Evaluation_Forecasting.do`, update the file path in the indicated line, and run the code.\n4. **Aggregation and Evaluation \u2013 Out-of-Country (Stata)**: Open `STEP 2 - Aggregation and Evaluation_Out-Of-Country.do`, update the file path in the indicated line, and run the code.\n5. **Figures (Stata)**: Open `STEP 3 - Figures` do file, update the file path in the indicated line, and run the code.\n\nNote: The full workflow of the package can be executed and reproduces all results reported in the paper. However, the **starting point of the reproducibility package is intermediate data**, as the raw LSMS-ISA household microdata were merged at an early stage of the analysis with **confidential household geographic coordinates**, which are restricted and cannot be shared.\n\nFor transparency, the complete set of scripts used by the authors to process the raw data and construct the intermediate datasets is included in the folder `Codes\/Do files - Variable Construction`. These scripts were **not executed by the replicators**, as access to the raw confidential data is restricted. Instead, the replicators **virtually verified** the data construction process by reviewing the code and confirming that the outputs generated by the authors correspond exactly to the intermediate datasets provided as the starting point of this package. The included intermediate datasets are sufficient to fully reproduce all analyses, tables, and figures presented in the paper.\n\n","technology_environment":"Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:\n\u2022 OS: Windows 11 Enterprise\n\u2022 Processor: Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-1145G7 CPU @ 2.60GHz\n\u2022 Memory available: 15.7 GB","datasets":[{"name":"Nigeria - General Household Survey, Panel 2018-2019, Wave 4","note":"Files located at: Codes\/Do files - Variable Construction\/nigeria\/NGA_2018_GHSP-W4_v03_M_Stata12\/. These files correspond to the Nigeria General Household Survey (GHS) Panel wave 2018\/19.","citation":"Nigeria National Bureau of Statistics (NBS). (2019). General Household Survey, Panel 2018-2019, Wave 4 [Data set]. World Bank, Development Data Group. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48529\/1HGW-DQ47","uri":"https:\/\/microdata.worldbank.org\/index.php\/catalog\/3557","license":"Public Use Files","license_uri":"https:\/\/microdata.worldbank.org\/index.php\/terms-of-use","access_type":"Data is publicly available, but does not allow redistribution and is not included in the reproducibility package"},{"name":"Nigeria - General Household Survey, Panel 2015-2016, Wave 3","note":"Files located at: Codes\/Do files - Variable Construction\/nigeria\/NGA_2018_GHSP-W4_v03_M_Stata12\/. These files correspond to the Nigeria General Household Survey (GHS) Panel wave 2015\/16.","access_type":"Data is publicly available, but does not allow redistribution and is not included in the reproducibility package","license":"Public Use Files","license_uri":"https:\/\/microdata.worldbank.org\/index.php\/terms-of-use","uri":"https:\/\/microdata.worldbank.org\/index.php\/catalog\/2734","citation":"Nigeria National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) . (2016). General Household Survey, Panel 2015-2016, Wave 3 [Data set]. World Bank, Development Data Group. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48529\/7XMJ-Q133"},{"access_type":"Data is publicly available, but does not allow redistribution and is not included in the reproducibility package","license":"Public Use Files","license_uri":"https:\/\/microdata.worldbank.org\/index.php\/terms-of-use","name":"Nigeria - General Household Survey, Panel 2012-2013, Wave 2","uri":"https:\/\/microdata.worldbank.org\/index.php\/catalog\/1952","citation":"Nigeria National Bureau of Statistics (NBS). (2014). General Household Survey, Panel 2012-2013, Wave 2 [Data set]. World Bank, Development Data Group. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48529\/KXPY-AA72\n","note":"Files located at: Codes\/Do files - Variable Construction\/nigeria\/NGA_2018_GHSP-W4_v03_M_Stata12\/. These files correspond to the Nigeria General Household Survey (GHS) Panel wave 2012\/13."},{"access_type":"Data is publicly available, but does not allow redistribution and is not included in the reproducibility package","license_uri":"https:\/\/microdata.worldbank.org\/index.php\/terms-of-use","license":"Public Use Files","uri":"https:\/\/microdata.worldbank.org\/index.php\/catalog\/1002","name":"Nigeria - General Household Survey, Panel 2010-2011, Wave 1","note":"Files located at: Codes\/Do files - Variable Construction\/nigeria\/NGA_2018_GHSP-W4_v03_M_Stata12\/. These files correspond to the Nigeria General Household Survey (GHS) Panel wave 2011\/12.","citation":"Nigeria National Bureau of Statistics. (2012). General Household Survey, Panel 2010-2011, Wave 1 [Data set]. World Bank, Development Data Group. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48529\/Y9E2-B753"},{"name":"Nigeria - General Household Survey - Panel 2010-2019, Uniform Panel Data","uri":"https:\/\/microdata.worldbank.org\/index.php\/catalog\/5835","citation":"Nigeria National Bureau of Statistics . (2020). General Household Survey - Panel 2010-2019, Uniform Panel Data [Data set]. World Bank, Development Data Group. ","access_type":"Data is publicly available, but does not allow redistribution and is not included in the reproducibility package","note":"Files located at: Codes\/Do files - Variable Construction\/nigeria\/NGA_2010-2019_NUPD_v01_M_Stata\/. These files correspond to the Nigeria General Household Survey (GHS) Uniform Panel wave 2010\/19.","license":"Public Use Files","license_uri":"https:\/\/microdata.worldbank.org\/index.php\/terms-of-use"},{"name":"Malawi - Fourth Integrated Household Survey 2016-2017","uri":"https:\/\/microdata.worldbank.org\/index.php\/catalog\/2936","license":"Public Use Files","license_uri":"https:\/\/microdata.worldbank.org\/index.php\/terms-of-use","citation":"Malawi National Statistical Office (NSO) . (2017). Fourth Integrated Household Survey 2016-2017 [Data set]. World Bank, Development Data Group. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48529\/G2P9-9R19","access_type":"Data is publicly available, but does not allow redistribution and is not included in the reproducibility package","note":"Files located at: Codes\/Do files - Variable Construction\/nigeria\/MWI_2016_IHS-IV_v04_M_STATA14\/. These files correspond to the Nigeria General Household Survey (GHS) Panel wave 2011\/12."},{"name":"Malawi - Fifth Integrated Household Survey 2019-2020","access_type":"Data is publicly available, but does not allow redistribution and is not included in the reproducibility package","note":"Files located at: Codes\/Do files - Variable Construction\/malawi\/MWI_2019_IHS-V_v06_M\/. These files correspond to the Malawi Integrated Household Survey 2019\/20. ","license":"Public Use Files","license_uri":"https:\/\/microdata.worldbank.org\/index.php\/terms-of-use","uri":"https:\/\/microdata.worldbank.org\/index.php\/catalog\/3818","citation":"Malawi National Statistical Office (NSO). (2020). Fifth Integrated Household Survey 2019-2020 [Data set]. World Bank, Development Data Group. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48529\/MPYK-DS48\n"},{"name":"Malawi - Integrated Household Panel Survey 2010-2013 (Short-Term Panel, 204 EAs)","license_uri":"https:\/\/microdata.worldbank.org\/index.php\/terms-of-use","license":"Public Use Files","access_type":"Data is publicly available, but does not allow redistribution and is not included in the reproducibility package","note":"Files located at: Codes\/Do files - Variable Construction\/malawi\/MWI_2010-2013_IHPS_v01_M\/. These files correspond to the Malawi Integrated Household Panel Survey 2010\/13. ","uri":"https:\/\/microdata.worldbank.org\/index.php\/catalog\/2248","citation":"Malawi National Statistical Office. (2015). Integrated Household Panel Survey 2010-2013 (Short-Term Panel, 204 EAs) [Data set]. World Bank, Development Data Group. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48529\/4Q9F-2288\n"},{"name":"Malawi - Integrated Household Panel Survey 2010-2013-2016-2019 (Long-Term Panel, 102 EAs)","uri":"https:\/\/microdata.worldbank.org\/index.php\/catalog\/3819","access_type":"Data is publicly available, but does not allow redistribution and is not included in the reproducibility package","note":"Files located at: Codes\/Do files - Variable Construction\/malawi\/MWI_2010-2019_IHPS_v06_M\/. These files correspond to the Malawi Integrated Household Panel Survey 2010\/19. ","license":"Public Use Files","license_uri":"https:\/\/microdata.worldbank.org\/index.php\/terms-of-use","citation":"Malawi National Statistical Office (NSO). (2020). Integrated Household Panel Survey 2010-2013-2016-2019 (Long-Term Panel, 102 EAs) [Data set]. World Bank, Development Data Group. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48529\/Q5Q1-2A34"},{"name":"Malawi - Third Integrated Household Survey 2010-2011","note":"Files located at: Codes\/Do files - Variable Construction\/malawi\/MWI_2010_IHS-III_v01_M\/. These files correspond to the Malawi Integrated Household Survey 2010\/11. ","access_type":"Data is publicly available, but does not allow redistribution and is not included in the reproducibility package","license":"Public Use Files","license_uri":"https:\/\/microdata.worldbank.org\/index.php\/terms-of-use","uri":"https:\/\/microdata.worldbank.org\/index.php\/catalog\/1003","citation":"Malawi National Statistical Office (NSO). (2012). Third Integrated Household Survey 2010-2011 [Data set]. World Bank, Development Data Group. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48529\/W1JQ-QH85"},{"name":"Tanzania - National Panel Survey 2008-2009, Wave 1","access_type":"Data is publicly available, but does not allow redistribution and is not included in the reproducibility package","license":"Public Use Files","license_uri":"https:\/\/microdata.worldbank.org\/index.php\/terms-of-use","uri":"https:\/\/microdata.worldbank.org\/index.php\/catalog\/76","citation":"Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics. (2011). National Panel Survey 2008-2009, Wave 1 [Data set]. World Bank, Development Data Group. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48529\/HZ8S-3489","note":"Files located at: Codes\/Do files - Variable Construction\/tanzania\/TZA_2008_NPS-R1_v03_M\/. These files correspond to the Tanzania National Panel Survey 2010\/11. "},{"name":"Tanzania - National Panel Survey 2010-2011, Wave 2","uri":"https:\/\/microdata.worldbank.org\/index.php\/catalog\/1050","citation":"Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics . (2012). National Panel Survey 2010-2011, Wave 2 [Data set]. World Bank, Development Data Group. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48529\/JM20-C742","license":"Public Use Files","license_uri":"https:\/\/microdata.worldbank.org\/index.php\/terms-of-use","access_type":"Data is publicly available, but does not allow redistribution and is not included in the reproducibility package","note":"Files located at: Codes\/Do files - Variable Construction\/tanzania\/TZA_2010_NPS-R2_v03_M\/. These files correspond to the Tanzania National Panel Survey 2010\/11. "},{"name":"Tanzania - National Panel Survey 2012-2013, Wave 3","note":"Files located at: Codes\/Do files - Variable Construction\/tanzania\/TZA_2012_NPS-R3_v01_M\/. These files correspond to the Tanzania National Panel Survey 2012\/13. ","access_type":"Data is publicly available, but does not allow redistribution and is not included in the reproducibility package","uri":"https:\/\/microdata.worldbank.org\/index.php\/catalog\/2252","license":"Public Use Files","citation":"Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics. (2015). National Panel Survey 2012-2013, Wave 3 [Data set]. World Bank, Development Data Group. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48529\/7VQV-5F71","license_uri":"https:\/\/microdata.worldbank.org\/index.php\/terms-of-use"},{"name":"Tanzania - National Panel Survey 2014-2015, Wave 4","uri":"https:\/\/microdata.worldbank.org\/index.php\/catalog\/2862","citation":"Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics . (2017). National Panel Survey 2014-2015, Wave 4 [Data set]. World Bank, Development Data Group. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48529\/Y3QJ-D018","access_type":"Data is publicly available, but does not allow redistribution and is not included in the reproducibility package","license":"Public Use Files","license_uri":"https:\/\/microdata.worldbank.org\/index.php\/terms-of-use","note":"Files located at: Codes\/Do files - Variable Construction\/tanzania\/TZA_2014_NPS-R4_v03_M\/. These files correspond to the Tanzania National Panel Survey 2014\/15. "},{"name":"Tanzania - National Panel Survey 2019-2020 - Extended Panel with Sex Disaggregated Data","note":"Files located at: Codes\/Do files - Variable Construction\/tanzania\/TZA_2019_NPS-SDD_v06_M\/. These files correspond to the Tanzania National Panel Survey 2019\/20. ","access_type":"Data is publicly available, but does not allow redistribution and is not included in the reproducibility package","license":"Public Use Files","license_uri":"https:\/\/microdata.worldbank.org\/index.php\/terms-of-use","uri":"https:\/\/microdata.worldbank.org\/index.php\/catalog\/3885","citation":"World Bank. (2021). National Panel Survey 2019-2020 - Extended Panel with Sex Disaggregated Data [Data set]. World Bank, Development Data Group. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48529\/0Y7D-1V78"},{"name":"Uganda - National Panel Survey 2005-2009","note":"Files located at: Codes\/Do files - Variable Construction\/uganda\/UGA_2005-2009_UNPS_v03_M\/. These files correspond to the Uganda National Panel Survey 2005\/2009.","access_type":"Data is publicly available, but does not allow redistribution and is not included in the reproducibility package","license":"Public Use Files","license_uri":"https:\/\/microdata.worldbank.org\/index.php\/terms-of-use","uri":"https:\/\/microdata.worldbank.org\/index.php\/catalog\/1001","citation":"Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS). (2012). National Panel Survey 2005-2009 [Data set]. World Bank, Development Data Group. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48529\/9VEP-E461"},{"name":"Uganda - National Panel Survey 2010-2011","note":"Files located at: Codes\/Do files - Variable Construction\/uganda\/UGA_2010_UNPS_v03_M\/. These files correspond to the Uganda National Panel Survey 2010\/11.","access_type":"Data is publicly available, but does not allow redistribution and is not included in the reproducibility package","license":"Public Use Files","license_uri":"https:\/\/microdata.worldbank.org\/index.php\/terms-of-use","uri":"https:\/\/microdata.worldbank.org\/index.php\/catalog\/2166","citation":"Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS). (2014). National Panel Survey 2010-2011 [Data set]. World Bank, Development Data Group. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48529\/W2D8-T244"},{"name":"Uganda - National Panel Survey 2011-2012","access_type":"Data is publicly available, but does not allow redistribution and is not included in the reproducibility package","note":"Files located at: Codes\/Do files - Variable Construction\/uganda\/UGA_2011_UNPS_v02_M\/. These files correspond to the Uganda National Panel Survey 2011\/12.","license":"Public Use Files","license_uri":"https:\/\/microdata.worldbank.org\/index.php\/terms-of-use","citation":"Uganda Bureau of Statistics. (2013). National Panel Survey 2011-2012 [Data set]. World Bank, Development Data Group. https:\/\/microdata.worldbank.org\/index.php\/catalog\/2059","uri":"https:\/\/microdata.worldbank.org\/index.php\/catalog\/2059"},{"name":"Uganda - National Panel Survey 2013-2014","note":"Files located at: Codes\/Do files - Variable Construction\/uganda\/UGA_2013_UNPS_v02_M\/. These files correspond to the Uganda National Panel Survey 2013\/14. ","access_type":"Data is publicly available, but does not allow redistribution and is not included in the reproducibility package","license":"Public Use Files","license_uri":"https:\/\/microdata.worldbank.org\/index.php\/terms-of-use","uri":"https:\/\/microdata.worldbank.org\/index.php\/catalog\/2663","citation":"Uganda Bureau of Statistics. (2015). National Panel Survey 2013-2014 [Data set]. World Bank, Development Data Group. https:\/\/microdata.worldbank.org\/index.php\/catalog\/2663"},{"name":"Uganda - National Panel Survey 2015-2016","note":"Files located at: Codes\/Do files - Variable Construction\/uganda\/UGA_2015_UNPS_v02_M\/. These files correspond to the Uganda National Panel Survey 2015\/16. ","access_type":"Data is publicly available, but does not allow redistribution and is not included in the reproducibility package","license":"Public Use Files","license_uri":"https:\/\/microdata.worldbank.org\/index.php\/terms-of-use","uri":"https:\/\/microdata.worldbank.org\/index.php\/catalog\/3460","citation":"Uganda Bureau of Statistics. (2017). National Panel Survey 2015-2016 [Data set]. World Bank, Development Data Group. https:\/\/microdata.worldbank.org\/index.php\/catalog\/3460"},{"name":"Uganda - National Panel Survey 2018-2019","uri":"https:\/\/microdata.worldbank.org\/index.php\/catalog\/3795","note":"Files located at: Codes\/Do files - Variable Construction\/uganda\/UGA_2018_UNPS_v02_M\/. These files correspond to the Uganda National Panel Survey 2018\/19. ","access_type":"Data is publicly available, but does not allow redistribution and is not included in the reproducibility package","license":"Public Use Files","license_uri":"https:\/\/microdata.worldbank.org\/index.php\/terms-of-use","citation":"Uganda Bureau of Statistics. (2020). National Panel Survey 2018-2019 [Data set]. World Bank, Development Data Group. https:\/\/microdata.worldbank.org\/index.php\/catalog\/3795"},{"uri":"https:\/\/microdata.worldbank.org\/index.php\/catalog\/3902","citation":"Uganda Bureau of Statistics. (2021). National Panel Survey 2019-2020 [Data set]. World Bank, Development Data Group. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48529\/NQZX-F196","name":"Uganda - National Panel Survey 2019-2020","access_type":"Data is publicly available, but does not allow redistribution and is not included in the reproducibility package","license":"Public Use Files","license_uri":"https:\/\/microdata.worldbank.org\/index.php\/terms-of-use","note":"Files located at: Codes\/Do files - Variable Construction\/uganda\/UGA_2019_UNPS_v03_M\/. These files correspond to the Uganda National Panel Survey 2019\/20. "},{"name":"Evaporative Drought Demand Index","access_type":"Data is publicly available, but as it is merged with restricted data, it is not included in the reproducibility package. ","note":"For this analysis, Evaporative Demand Drought Index (EDDI) values were spatially joined to confidential household-level coordinates. As a result, the merged dataset cannot be publicly shared.\n\nAll intermediate datasets required to reproduce the results in the paper are included in the reproducibility package. The exclusion of the confidential merged files does not prevent the code from running or the results from being reproduced.","uri":"https:\/\/psl.noaa.gov\/eddi\/","citation":"Physical Sciences Laboratory. (2023). Evaporative Drought Demand Index [Dataset]. https:\/\/psl.noaa.gov\/eddi\/","license":"Direct download; licensing information not available"},{"access_type":"Data is restricted and not included in the reproducibility package","citation":"World Bank. (2025). Confidential Household Survey Geographic Coordinates for Uganda, Tanzania, Malawi, and Nigeria. Access restricted. Used internally for spatial data integration.","name":"Confidential Household Survey Geographic Coordinates for Uganda, Tanzania, Malawi, and Nigeria","note":"This dataset consists of confidential household-level geographic coordinates used to merge household survey data with geospatial and weather information spatially. Due to the sensitive nature of the coordinates and the risk of identifying survey respondents, the raw household coordinate data are not shared in this reproducibility package. These confidential coordinates were merged with other household survey data internally at the World Bank by a geospatial specialist. Neither the replicators nor external users have access to the confidential coordinate data. The intermediate datasets generated after the spatial merge, which no longer contain raw coordinates and are sufficient to run all analysis scripts and reproduce the published results, are included in the package. For more information on the merging and creation of the intermediate data, the replicators can consult the folder Codes\/Do files - Variable Construction. "}]},"tags":[{"tag":"DOI"},{"tag":"Open Code"},{"tag":"Open Data"},{"tag":"Restricted Data"}],"schematype":"script"}