{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","abbr":"DECDI","affiliation":"World Bank - Development Impact Department","role":"Verification and preparation of metadata"}],"prod_date":"2025-10-21","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"authoring_entity":[{"name":"Alice Duhaut","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"aduhaut@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Simon Alder","affiliation":"Swiss National Bank","email":"simon.alder@snb.ch"},{"name":"Kevin Croke","affiliation":"Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health","email":"kevinjcroke@gmail.com"},{"name":"Robert Marty","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"rmarty@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Ariana Vaisey","affiliation":"University of Chicago Law School","email":"ariana.vaisey@gmail.com"}],"title_statement":{"title":"Reproducibility package for The Impact Of Ethiopia\u2019s Road Investment Program On Economic Development And Land Use: Evidence From Satellite Data","idno":"PP_ETH_2025_437"},"data_statement":"All data sources are publicly available but not all are included in the reproducibility package.","software":[{"name":"R","version":"4.5.1"}],"scripts":[{"title":"Reproducibility package for The Impact Of Ethiopia\u2019s Road Investment Program On Economic Development And Land Use: Evidence From Satellite Data","date":"2025-10","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank.","instructions":"See README in reproducibility package.","file_name":"PP_ETH_2025_437","zip_package":"PP_ETH_2025_437.zip","dependencies":"R dependencies are listed in the file renv.lock."}],"repository_uri":[{"name":"Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank)","uri":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org"}],"production_date":"2025-10-21","abstract":"This paper examines the impact of Ethiopia's Road Sector Development Program (RSDP) from 1997--2016 on land use and economic activity, using spatial variation in road upgrades and satellite imagery. We use three approaches to triangulate the effect of the RSDP: difference-in-differences examining economic activity near upgraded roads, long-difference instrumental variables comparing areas connected to upgraded versus non-upgraded roads, and market access analysis. For RSDP phases I-III, upgrades increase local economic activity, with effects varying by baseline activity. Areas with medium-to-high baseline activity showed positive effects, while areas with the lowest activity showed minimal effects. Results are weaker for RSDP IV.","geographic_units":[{"name":"Ethiopia","code":"ETH"}],"keywords":[{"name":"Transport"},{"name":"Economic Development"},{"name":"Regional Economic Activity"},{"name":"Program Evaluation"},{"name":"Satellite Data"},{"name":"Land Use"},{"name":"Nighttime Lights"}],"topics":[{"id":"R4","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Transportation Economics","parent_id":"R"},{"id":" R12","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity","parent_id":"R1"},{"id":" R14","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Land Use Patterns","parent_id":"R1"}],"output":[{"type":"Journal Article","description":"Journal Articles","title":"The Impact Of Ethiopia\u2019s Road Investment Program On Economic Development And Land Use: Evidence From Satellite Data"}],"language":[{"name":"English","code":"EN"}],"disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","license":[{"name":"Modified BSD3","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/bsd-3-clause\/"}],"contacts":[{"name":"Alice Duhaut","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"aduhaut@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org"}],"datasets":[{"name":"GADM maps and data","note":"Source: GADM.\nData files: \"GADM\/RawData\/gadm36_ETH_0_sp.rds\", \"GADM\/RawData\/gadm36_ETH_1_sp.rds\", \"GADM\/RawData\/gadm36_ETH_2_sp.rds\", \"GADM\/RawData\/gadm36_ETH_3_sp.rds\".\nOriginal data for each administrative level (0-3) of Ethiopia was downloaded from the data URL as a GeoJSON, imported into R using the package \"sf\", and saved into RDS files.\nData was accessed in September 2025.","access_type":"Data is publicly available but does not allow redistribution.","license_uri":"https:\/\/gadm.org\/license.html","license":"GADM license","uri":"https:\/\/gadm.org\/data.html","citation":"GADM.\nn.d.\n\"GADM maps and data [dataset]\".\nAccessed in September 2025.\nhttps:\/\/gadm.org\/data.html"},{"name":"Kebeles (Level 4) - Ethiopia","note":"Source: Ethiopia Geoportal.\nData file: \"Kebeles\/RawData\/0cfabb08-2469-4e3a-8770-6aa5425bc49d2020328-1-lp203n.6k02l.shp\".\nData was accessed in September 2025.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","uri":"https:\/\/ethiopia.africageoportal.com\/datasets\/africageoportal::kebeles-level-4\/about","citation":"Ethiopia Geoportal.\n2020.\n\"Kebeles (Level 4) - Ethiopia [dataset]\".\nAccessed in September 2025.\nhttps:\/\/ethiopia.africageoportal.com\/datasets\/africageoportal::kebeles-level-4\/about"},{"name":"Woredas (Level 3) - Ethiopia","note":"Source: Ethiopia Geoportal.\nData file: \"Woredas\/RawData\/Ethioworeda.shp\".\nData was accessed in September 2025.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","uri":"https:\/\/ethiopia.africageoportal.com\/datasets\/africageoportal::ethiopia-adminboundaries\/about?layer=1","citation":"Ethiopia Geoportal.\n2020.\n\"Woredas (Level 3) - Ethiopia [dataset]\".\nAccessed in September 2025.\nhttps:\/\/ethiopia.africageoportal.com\/datasets\/africageoportal::ethiopia-adminboundaries\/about?layer=1"},{"name":"World Bank Official Boundaries","uri":"https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/int\/search\/dataset\/0038272\/World-Bank-Official-Boundaries","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0","license_uri":"https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/int\/public-licenses?fragment=cc","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","note":"Source: World Bank.\nData file: \"World Bank Boundaries\/RawData\/World Bank Official Boundaries - Admin 0.gpkg\"\nData was accessed in September 2025.","citation":"World Bank.\n2025.\n\"World Bank Official Boundaries [dataset]\"\nVersion 5.\nAccessed in September 2025.\nhttps:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/search\/dataset\/0038272\/World-Bank-Official-Boundaries"},{"name":"Ethiopia Electricity Transmission Network","note":"Source: World Bank.\nData file: \"Electricity Network\/RawData\/ Ethiopia Electricity Transmission Network.shp\".\nData was accessed in September 2025.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0","license_uri":"https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/int\/public-licenses?fragment=cc","uri":"https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/search\/dataset\/0039311","citation":"World Bank.\n2017.\n\"Ethiopia Electricity Transmission Network [dataset]\"\nAccessed in September 2025.\nhttps:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/search\/dataset\/0039311"},{"name":"Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) Digital Elevation Data Version 4","uri":"https:\/\/developers.google.com\/earth-engine\/datasets\/catalog\/CGIAR_SRTM90_V4","citation":"Jarvis, A., H.I. Reuter, A. Nelson, E. Guevara.\n2008. \"Hole-filled SRTM for the globe Version 4\", available from the CGIAR-CSI SRTM 90m. Database: https:\/\/srtm.csi.cgiar.org. Accessed on September 2025 through the Earth Engine Data Catalog at https:\/\/developers.google.com\/earth-engine\/datasets\/catalog\/CGIAR_SRTM90_V4","license_uri":"https:\/\/developers.google.com\/earth-engine\/datasets\/catalog\/CGIAR_SRTM90_V4#terms-of-use","access_type":"Data is publicly available but does not allow redistribution.","note":"Source: NASA - CGIAR.\nData was accessed on the Earth Engine Data Catalog, boundaries were set for Ethiopia, and the result was exported using the Earth Engine script interface.\nData file: \"Elevation\/RawData\/eth_elevation_1000m.tif\".\nAccessed in September 2025."},{"name":"Land cover classification gridded maps from 1992 to present derived from satellite observations","note":"Source: European Space Agency (ESA) - Climate Change Initiative (CCI).\nVersion 2.0.7 of the dataset was used for data for 1992-2015 and version 2.1.1 was used for 2016-2018.\nData files: \"Globcover\/RawData\/1992_2015_data\/ESACCI-LC-L4-LCCS-Map-300m-P1Y-1992_2015-v2.0.7.tif\", \"Globcover\/RawData\/2016_2018_data\/ C3S-LC-L4-LCCS-Map-300m-P1Y-2016-v2.1.1.tif\", \"Globcover\/RawData\/2016_2018_data\/ C3S-LC-L4-LCCS-Map-300m-P1Y-2016-v2.1.1.tif\", \"Globcover\/RawData\/2016_2018_data\/ C3S-LC-L4-LCCS-Map-300m-P1Y-2016-v2.1.1.tif\".\nData was accessed in September 2025.","license_uri":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","uri":"https:\/\/maps.elie.ucl.ac.be\/CCI\/viewer\/download.php","citation":"European Space Agency - Climate Change Initiative.\n2019.\n\"Land cover classification gridded maps from 1992 to present derived from satellite observations [dataset]\".\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.24381\/cds.006f2c9a"},{"name":"Gridded Population of the World, v.4","citation":"Center for International Earth Science Information Network - CIESIN - Columbia University.\n2018.\n\"Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11 [dataset]\".\nPalisades, NY: NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC).\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.7927\/H49C6VHW.\nAccessed in September 2025.","uri":"https:\/\/pacific-data.sprep.org\/dataset\/gridded-population-world-v4","note":"Source: Center for International Earth Science Information Network - Columbia University.\nData file: \"Gridded Population of the World\/RawData\/gpw-v4-population-density_2000.tif\".\nData was accessed in September 2025.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license_uri":"https:\/\/pacific-data.sprep.org\/resource\/public-data-license-agreement-0","license":"Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International"},{"name":"DMSP OLS: Nighttime Lights Time Series Version 4, Defense Meteorological Program Operational Linescan System","note":"Source: Earth Observation Group, Payne Institute for Public Policy, Colorado School of Mines.\nData files: \"DMSP_OLS\/RawData\/ eth_dmspols_allyears.tif\", \"DMSP_OLS\/RawData\/ eth_cf_dmspols_allyears.tif\".\nData was accessed in September 2025.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license_uri":"https:\/\/developers.google.com\/earth-engine\/datasets\/catalog\/NOAA_DMSP-OLS_NIGHTTIME_LIGHTS#terms-of-use","uri":"https:\/\/developers.google.com\/earth-engine\/datasets\/catalog\/NOAA_DMSP-OLS_NIGHTTIME_LIGHTS","citation":"Earth Observation Group, Payne Institute for Public Policy, Colorado School of Mines.\nn.d.\n\"DMSP OLS: Nighttime Lights Time Series Version 4, Defense Meteorological Program Operational Linescan System [dataset]\".\nAccessed on September 2025 through the Earth Engine Data Catalog.\nhttps:\/\/developers.google.com\/earth-engine\/datasets\/catalog\/NOAA_DMSP-OLS_NIGHTTIME_LIGHTS"},{"name":"NASA's Black Marble","note":"Source: NASA.\nYearly data for 2012-2022 for the product VNP46A4 was subset for Ethiopia and saved in one file pear year.\nData files: \"VIIRS BlackMarble\/RawData\/VNP46A4_t2012.tif\", \"VIIRS BlackMarble\/RawData\/VNP46A4_t2013.tif\", \"VIIRS BlackMarble\/RawData\/VNP46A4_t2014.tif\", \"VIIRS BlackMarble\/RawData\/VNP46A4_t2015.tif\", \"VIIRS BlackMarble\/RawData\/VNP46A4_t2016.tif\", \"VIIRS BlackMarble\/RawData\/VNP46A4_t2017.tif\", \"VIIRS BlackMarble\/RawData\/VNP46A4_t2018.tif\", \"VIIRS BlackMarble\/RawData\/VNP46A4_t2019.tif\", \"VIIRS BlackMarble\/RawData\/VNP46A4_t2020.tif\", \"VIIRS BlackMarble\/RawData\/VNP46A4_t2021.tif\", \"VIIRS BlackMarble\/RawData\/VNP46A4_t2022.tif\".\nData was accessed in September 2025.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","uri":"https:\/\/blackmarble.gsfc.nasa.gov\/","citation":"NASA.\nn.d.\n\"NASA's Black Marble\".\nAccessed in September 2025.\nhttps:\/\/ladsweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov\/missions-and-measurements\/products\/VNP46A4\/"},{"name":"Harmonization of DMSP and VIIRS nighttime light data from 1992-2021 at the global scale","uri":"https:\/\/figshare.com\/articles\/dataset\/Harmonization_of_DMSP_and_VIIRS_nighttime_light_data_from_1992-2018_at_the_global_scale\/9828827\/7","citation":"Xuecao Li, Yuyu Zhou, Min Zhao, Xia Zhao.\n2022.\n\"Harmonization of DMSP and VIIRS nighttime light data from 1992-2021 at the global scale\".\nVersion 7.\nAccessed in September 2025.\nhttps:\/\/figshare.com\/articles\/dataset\/Harmonization_of_DMSP_and_VIIRS_nighttime_light_data_from_1992-2018_at_the_global_scale\/9828827\/7","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0","license_uri":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/","note":"Source: Xuecao Li, Yuyu Zhou, Min Zhao, Xia Zhao.\nAll data files are in the folder \"VIIRS_DMSPOLS_Intercalibrated\/RawData\/\".\nData was accessed in September 2025.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package."},{"name":"Ethiopia Road Sector Development Program (RSDP) Roads","note":"Source: data was generated by the authors in 2017.\nData file: \"Data\/RSDP Roads\/RawData\/RoadNetworkPanelData_1996_2016.geojson\".\n","access_type":"Data is forthcoming in the World Bank Development Data Hub and it is included in the reproducibility package.","citation":"Duhaut et al.\n2025.\n\"Ethiopia Road Sector Development Program (RSDP) Roads [dataset]\".\nData is available in the Reproducibility Package for Ethiopia\u2019s Road Investment Program on Economic Development and Land Use: Evidence from Satellite Data and forthcoming in the World Bank Development Data Hub."}],"technology_requirements":"Runtime: 48 hours.","technology_environment":"Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:\n\u2022 OS: Windows 11 Enterprise, version 23H2\n\u2022 Processor: Intel(R) Xeon(R) Platinum 8562Y+ 2.80 GHz (2 processors)\n\u2022 Memory available: 64 GB","reproduction_instructions":"**1. Access the data:** Some data used in the reproducibility package are accessible but not redistributable with the package. These data need to be obtained for the code to run. See the Datasets section for details.\n**2. Download and place the data:** Once all data are obtained, copy them to the corresponding folder as described in the Datasets section.\n**3. Reproduce the R environment or install all R packages:** The R environment for the code can be reproduced using the \"renv.lock\" file included in the reproducibility package. Alternatively, users could install all dependencies for the code; these are listed in the \"renv.lock\" file.\n**4. Run the code:** Open the RStudio project file \"Ethiopia Corridors.Rproj\" and execute \"_main.R\"."},"tags":[{"tag":"Accessible data"},{"tag":"DOI"},{"tag":"Open Code"}],"schematype":"script"}