{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","abbr":"DECDI","affiliation":"World Bank - Development Impact Department","role":"Verification and preparation of metadata"}],"prod_date":"2025-11-22","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"authoring_entity":[{"name":"Javier E. Baez","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"jbaez@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Varun Kshirsagar","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"vkshirsagar@worldbank.org"}],"title_statement":{"title":"Reproducibility package for South Africa's Fragmented Cities: The Unequal Burden Of Labor Market Frictions","idno":"RR_ZAF_2025_490"},"data_statement":"Some data sources are limited-access and are not included in the reproducibility package. For more details, please refer to the README file.","software":[{"name":"R","version":"4.5.1"},{"name":"Stata","version":"18 MP"}],"scripts":[{"title":"Reproducibility package for South Africa's Fragmented Cities: The Unequal Burden Of Labor Market Frictions","date":"2025-11","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank.","instructions":"See README in reproducibility package.","file_name":"RR_ZAF_2025_490","zip_package":"RR_ZAF_2025_490.zip","dependencies":"R dependencies are listed in the file renv.lock. Stata dependencies are listed in the ado folder."}],"repository_uri":[{"name":"Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank)","uri":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org"}],"production_date":"2025-11-22","abstract":"Using high-resolution administrative, census, and satellite data, we show that South African cities are characterized by spatial mismatches between where people live and where jobs are located, relative to 20 global peers. Areas within 5 km of commercial centers have 9,300 fewer residents per square km than expected, 60% below the global median. Poor, dense neighborhoods are most affected. In Johannesburg, a 10-percentile increase in distance from business hubs corresponds to a 3.3-percentile drop in asset wealth (a proxy of household wellbeing) and 4.0 percentile drop in employment. In Cape Town, the declines are 2.6 and 2.3 percentiles, respectively. Employment is 87% lower in the poorest decile than the richest in Johannesburg, and 61% lower in Cape Town. These findings suggest that South Africa\u2019s spatial organization of people and economic activity constrains agglomeration and reinforces inequality.","geographic_units":[{"name":"South Africa","code":"ZAF"}],"keywords":[{"name":"Poverty"},{"name":"Spatial Inequality"},{"name":"Local Labor Markets"},{"name":"The Economics Of Cities"}],"topics":[{"id":"R14","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Land Use Patterns","parent_id":"R1"},{"id":" R23","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Regional Migration \u2022 Regional Labor Markets \u2022 Population \u2022 Neighborhood Characteristics","parent_id":"R2"},{"id":" R41","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Transportation: Demand, Supply, and Congestion \u2022 Travel Time \u2022 Safety and Accidents \u2022 Transportation Noise","parent_id":"R4"},{"id":" O18","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Urban, Rural, Regional, and Transportation Analysis \u2022 Housing \u2022 Infrastructure","parent_id":"O1"},{"id":" J61","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Geographic Labor Mobility \u2022 Immigrant Workers","parent_id":"J6"}],"output":[{"type":"Working Paper","description":"Policy Research Working Papers (PRWP)","title":"South Africa's Fragmented Cities: The Unequal Burden Of Labor Market Frictions"}],"language":[{"name":"English","code":"EN"}],"technology_requirements":"Runtime: Approximately 3 hours","disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","license":[{"name":"Modified BSD3","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/bsd-3-clause\/"}],"contacts":[{"name":"Javier E. Baez","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"jbaez@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org"}],"datasets":[{"name":"South Africa Census (2011)","note":"Source: Statistics South Africa (Stats SA)","citation":"Statistics South Africa. 2011. South Africa Census 2011 [dataset]. Accessed in 2023. https:\/\/superweb.statssa.gov.za\/webapi\/jsf\/login.xhtml","access_type":"Data access requires human approval and is not included in the reproducibility package."},{"name":"South Africa Spatial Tax Data ","note":"Source: Explore Tax Data \u2013 Spatial Economic Activity Data, South Africa.","citation":"Explore Tax Data. n.d. South Africa Spatial Tax Data, South Africa [dataset]. Accessed in 2024. https:\/\/exploretaxdata.org\/","access_type":"Data access requires human approval and is not included in the reproducibility package.","uri":"https:\/\/exploretaxdata.org\/"},{"name":"Google Open Buildings data","note":"Source: Google Research \u2013 Open Buildings\nUsers must go to the URL below, open the download page, and follow the instructions under \u201cDownload all data\u201d to access the data.","access_type":"Data is publicly available but not included in the reproducibility package due to file size constraints.","license_uri":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/","license":"Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY-4.0) license","uri":"https:\/\/sites.research.google\/gr\/open-buildings\/","citation":"Google Research. n.d. Open Buildings [dataset]. Accessed in 2025. https:\/\/sites.research.google\/open-buildings\/"},{"note":"Source: Source: Open Source Routing Machine (OSRM)","name":"Origin\u2013Destination Matrices data","license":"Open Data Commons Open Database License ","license_uri":"https:\/\/opendatacommons.org\/licenses\/odbl\/","uri":"http:\/\/project-osrm.org\/","citation":"Open Source Routing Machine (OSRM). n.d. Origin\u2013Destination Matrices [dataset]. Accessed in 2025. http:\/\/project-osrm.org\/","access_type":"Data is publicly available but not included in the reproducibility package due to file size constraints."},{"name":"OpenStreetMap South Africa","note":"Source: OpenStreetMap \nUsers must download the shapefiles from the URL below and place them in the correct folder, as described in the README.","access_type":"Data is publicly available but not included in the reproducibility package due to file size constraints.","license_uri":"https:\/\/opendatacommons.org\/licenses\/odbl\/","license":"Open Data Commons Open Database License (ODbL)","uri":"https:\/\/download.geofabrik.de\/africa\/south-africa.html","citation":"OpenStreetMap contributors. n.d. OpenStreetMap data for South Africa [dataset]. Accessed in 2025. https:\/\/download.geofabrik.de\/africa\/south-africa.html"},{"name":"Global Human Settlement Layer data","note":"Source: European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC)\nUsers must download the shapefiles from the URL below and place them in the correct folder, as described in the README.","access_type":"Data is publicly available but not included in the reproducibility package due to file size constraints.","license_uri":"https:\/\/commission.europa.eu\/legal-notice_en#copyright-notice","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence","uri":"https:\/\/human-settlement.emergency.copernicus.eu\/ghs_buV2023.php","citation":"Pesaresi M., Politis P. (2023): GHS-BUILT-V R2023A - GHS built-up volume grids derived from joint assessment of Sentinel2, Landsat, and global DEM data, multitemporal (1975-2030).European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC) PID: http:\/\/data.europa.eu\/89h\/ab2f107a-03cd-47a3-85e5-139d8ec63283, doi:10.2905\/AB2F107A-03CD-47A3-85E5-139D8EC63283"},{"uri":"https:\/\/human-settlement.emergency.copernicus.eu\/ghs_pop2023.php","citation":"Schiavina M., Freire S., Carioli A., MacManus K. (2023): GHS-POP R2023A - GHS population grid multitemporal (1975-2030).European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC) PID: http:\/\/data.europa.eu\/89h\/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe, doi:10.2905\/2FF68A52-5B5B-4A22-8F40-C41DA8332CFE","license_uri":"https:\/\/commission.europa.eu\/legal-notice_en#copyright-notice","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence","access_type":"Data is publicly available but not included in the reproducibility package due to file size constraints.","note":"Source: European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC)","name":"Population grid multitemporal (1975-2030) data"},{"name":"Night-Time Lights data","note":"Source: Earth Observation Group","uri":"https:\/\/eogdata.mines.edu\/products\/vnl\/","citation":"Elvidge, C. D., K. Baugh, M. Zhizhin, F. C. Hsu, and T. Ghosh. 2017. VIIRS night-time lights. International Journal of Remote Sensing 38: 5860\u20135879.","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license","license_uri":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/deed.en","access_type":"Data is publicly available but not included in the reproducibility package due to file size constraints."},{"name":"Administrative Shape Files for South Africa","note":"Source: Global Administrative Areas (GADM)","uri":"https:\/\/gadm.org\/data.html","license_uri":"https:\/\/gadm.org\/license.html","license":"Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0","access_type":"Data is publicly available but does not allow redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","citation":"Global Administrative Areas (GADM). . \"Administrative Shape Files for South Africa [dataset],\" 4.1, https:\/\/gadm.org\/data.html, 2025"}],"reproduction_instructions":"To reproduce the findings in this study, please follow the steps below:\n1. Acquire the limited-access data and place all required files in the `\/Data` folder. Please see the `README` file for detailed instructions on data access.\n2. Open the R project `Reproducibility package.Rproj` and run the following scripts in order:\n   - `Code\/Master\/run_all1.R`\n   - `Stata_Master.do` (run in Stata)\n   - `Code\/Master\/run_all2.R`\n3. Outputs will be generated in the `\/Results` and `\/Graphs` folders.\n","technology_environment":"Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:\n\u2022 OS: Windows 10 Enterprise, version 22H2\n\u2022 Processor: Intel(R) Xeon(R) Gold 6132 CPU @ 2.60GHz 2.60 GHz (2 processors)\n\u2022 Memory available: 128 GB"},"tags":[{"tag":"DOI"},{"tag":"Limited-access data"},{"tag":"Open Code"}],"schematype":"script"}