{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","abbr":"DECDI","affiliation":"World Bank - Development Impact Department","role":"Verification and preparation of metadata"}],"prod_date":"2025-11-21","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"authoring_entity":[{"name":"Davide Salvatore Mare","affiliation":"World Bank; University of Edinburgh Business School","email":"dmare@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Subika Farazi","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"sfarazi@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Manuel Galilea","affiliation":"cAsociaci\u00b4on de Bancos","email":"mg4437@columbia.edu"}],"title_statement":{"title":"Reproducibility package for Firm Credit Constraints And Electronic Payments: A Global Analysis","idno":"RR_WLD_2025_492"},"data_statement":"All data sources are publicly available but not all are included in the reproducibility package.","software":[{"name":"Stata","version":"18 MP"}],"scripts":[{"title":"Reproducibility package for Firm Credit Constraints And Electronic Payments: A Global Analysis","date":"2025-11","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank.","instructions":"See README in reproducibility package.","file_name":"RR_WLD_2025_492","zip_package":"RR_WLD_2025_492.zip","dependencies":"Stata dependencies are listed in the ado folder."}],"repository_uri":[{"name":"Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank)","uri":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org"}],"production_date":"2025-11-21","abstract":"Understanding the drivers of credit constraints is essential for fostering private sector development and firm growth. In this study, we examine the channels through which electronic payments influence firm credit constraints across 101 economies. We explore heterogeneity at both the firm and aggregate levels to identify key policy and environmental factors that shape this relationship. Our findings indicate that payment digitalization plays a critical role in alleviating firm credit constraints, particularly for small firms and in economies with weaker credit infrastructure and lower levels of financial development. These results support the view that electronic payments help reduce information asymmetries between firms and lenders, thereby improving lending opportunities.","geographic_units":[{"name":"World","code":"WLD"}],"keywords":[{"name":"Financial Digitalization"},{"name":"Technology"},{"name":"Economic Growth"},{"name":"Financial Frictions"},{"name":"Financial Inclusion"}],"topics":[{"id":"C83","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Survey Methods \u2022 Sampling Methods","parent_id":"C8"},{"id":" D20","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"General","parent_id":"D2"},{"id":" G10","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"General","parent_id":"G1"},{"id":" G20","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"General","parent_id":"G2"},{"id":" O12","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development","parent_id":"O1"}],"output":[{"type":"Working Paper","description":"Policy Research Working Papers (PRWP)","title":"Firm Credit Constraints And Electronic Payments: A Global Analysis"}],"language":[{"name":"English","code":"EN"}],"technology_requirements":"Run time: ~ 25 minutes","disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","license":[{"name":"Modified BSD3","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/bsd-3-clause\/"}],"contacts":[{"name":"Davide Salvatore Mare","affiliation":"World Bank; University of Edinburgh Business School","email":"dmare@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org"}],"datasets":[{"citation":"World Bank Enterprise Surveys, www.enterprisesurveys.org. Accessed May 2025","access_type":"Publicly available but cannot be redistributed.","name":"World Bank Enterprise Survey","note":"Follow the instructions in the README to download the data.\nFiles: Data\/Raw\/New_Comprehensive_May_5_2025.dta","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.enterprisesurveys.org\/en\/citing-the-data"},{"uri":"https:\/\/unstats.un.org\/unsd\/publication\/seriesm\/seriesm_4rev4e.pdf ","citation":"United Nations. Statistical Division. (2008).International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC) Revision 4. New York :United Nations. Accessed 2025.","access_type":"Publicly available and included in the package.","note":"Author compiled using the document linked below. \nFiles: Data\/Raw\/ISIC_code.dta","name":"International Standard Industrial Classification"},{"citation":"Author compilation. 2025. Country-Level Variables Dataset, constructed using data from World Bank Business Ready, World Bank World Development Indicators, IMF Financial Development Index, and IMF World Economic Outlook Database. Accessed 2025.","access_type":"Publicly available and included in the package.","note":"This dataset was compiled by the author using publicly available indicators from multiple sources:\n(1) Business Ready (World Bank) \u2013 Financial Services Indicators, Pillar II: Accessibility of Information in Credit Infrastructure (2.1 Operation of Credit Bureaus and Registries).\nAccess: https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/businessready\/data. \n\n(2) IMF Financial Development Index \u2013 Aggregate Financial Development Index, 2021.\nAccess: https:\/\/data.imf.org\/en\/datasets\/IMF.MCM:FDI.\n\n(3) GDP per Capita \u2013 IMF World Economic Outlook Database, October 2024 (constant prices, PPP, 2021 international dollars).\nAccess: https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/publications\/weo\/weo-database\/2024\/october.\n\n(4) Income Group \u2013 World Bank Income Classification, 2023.\nAccess: https:\/\/datahelpdesk.worldbank.org\/knowledgebase\/articles\/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups.\n\n(5) GDP Deflator \u2013 IMF World Economic Outlook Database, October 2024.\nAccess: https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/publications\/weo\/weo-database\/2024\/october\/select-countries?grp=2001&sg=All%20countries.\n\n(6) Local Currency Units per USD \u2013 IMF World Economic Outlook Database, October 2024 (Implied PPP Conversion Rate).\nAccess: https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/publications\/weo\/weo-database\/2024\/october.\n\nFiles: Data\/Raw\/Country_Level_Vars.dta","name":"Country level Indicators"},{"name":"Informal Economy Database","uri":"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/research\/brief\/informal-economy-database","citation":"Elgin, C., M. A. Kose, F. Ohnsorge, and S. Yu. 2021. \"Understanding Informality\", C.E.P.R. Discussion Paper 16497, Centre for Economic Policy Research, London","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/about\/legal\/terms-of-use-for-datasets","access_type":"Publicly available and included in the package.","note":"Multiple indicators multiple causes model-based (MIMIC) estimates of informal output (% of official GDP) for the year 2020 was extracted from the downloaded data.\nFiles: Data\/Raw\/MIMIC_p_2020.dta"}],"technology_environment":"Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:\n\u2022 OS: Windows 11 Enterprise\n\u2022 Processor: INTEL(R) XEON(R) PLATINUM 8562Y+ 2.80 GHz (4 processors)\n\u2022 Memory available: 32.0 GB","reproduction_instructions":"1. **Secure Access to Data:** Access the datasets not included in the package. See subsection Datasets and the README for more details.\n2. **Download and Place Data:** Once the data is accessed, users should place it in the appropriate folder.\n3. **Run the Package:** After placing the data in the folder, run the files in the order:\n      - Update the global in line 13 of the do-file \"main\" to your folder's location and run the do-file.\n\nSince all the data is not included, the package includes the results produced by replicators. These files can be used to review the results presented in the paper.  \n"},"tags":[{"tag":"Accessible Data"},{"tag":"DOI"},{"tag":"Open Code"}],"schematype":"script"}