{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","abbr":"DECDI","affiliation":"World Bank - Development Impact Department","role":"Verification and preparation of metadata"}],"prod_date":"2026-01-14","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"authoring_entity":[{"name":"Ana Margarida Fernandes","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"afernandes@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Tristan Reed","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"treed@worldbank.org"}],"title_statement":{"title":"Reproducibility package for Industrial Policy for Development: Approaches in the 21st Century","idno":"FR_WLD_2025_509"},"data_statement":"Some data is restricted and has not been included in the reproducibility package. For more details, please refer to the README file.","software":[{"name":"R","version":"4.4.1"},{"name":"Stata","version":"18.5 MP"},{"name":"Excel","version":"Microsoft Excel for Office 365 MSO"}],"scripts":[{"title":"Reproducibility package for Industrial Policy for Development: Approaches in the 21st Century","date":"2026-01","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank.","instructions":"See README in reproducibility package.","file_name":"FR_WLD_2025_509","zip_package":"FR_WLD_2025_509.zip","dependencies":"R dependencies are listed in the file renv.lock. Stata dependencies are listed in the ado folder."}],"repository_uri":[{"name":"Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank)","uri":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org"}],"production_date":"2026-01-14","abstract":"Amidst slower global growth, a shifting labor market, and rising protectionism, governments around the world are increasingly turning to a once controversial policy. Industrial policy\u2014the range of policy tools governments use to shape what an economy produces, rather than leaving it to markets alone\u2014is back with a vengeance.\nContrary to recent headlines, advanced economies are not the heaviest users of industrial policy. As this report documents, developing economies use it more intensively. New data show that total business subsidies among upper-middle-income economies now average 4.2 percent of GDP\u2014the highest on record. Middle-income economies have higher average import tariffs and more dispersion of tariffs across individual products compared to high-income economies\u2014evidence of stronger targeted protection of certain industries. A review of the latest national development plans across 183 countries finds that low-income countries target growth in 13 industries on average, more than twice the number in high-income countries.\nThis report offers the first comprehensive guide to industrial policy for development in the 21st century, distinctive in four respects: it covers 15 policy tools\u2014well beyond the existing literature's focus on tariffs and subsidies; it provides practical guidance on design and implementation, including how to target industries and design effective institutions; it draws on new evidence from more than 60 countries; and it identifies targeted approaches for governments using industrial policy to pursue specific goals, from earning foreign exchange and creating jobs to reducing pollution and strengthening security and resilience.","geographic_units":[{"name":"World","code":"WLD"}],"keywords":[{"name":"Industrial Policy"},{"name":"Subsidies"},{"name":"Tariffs"},{"name":"Export Promotion"},{"name":"Industrial Park"},{"name":"Comparative Advantage"}],"topics":[{"id":"L50","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"General","parent_id":"L5"},{"id":" L52","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Industrial Policy \u2022 Sectoral Planning Methods","parent_id":"L5"},{"id":" O25","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Industrial Policy","parent_id":"O2"},{"id":" O38","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Government Policy","parent_id":"O3"},{"id":" H23","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Externalities \u2022 Redistributive Effects \u2022 Environmental Taxes and Subsidies","parent_id":"H2"},{"id":" H25","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Business Taxes and Subsidies","parent_id":"H2"},{"id":" F13","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Trade Policy \u2022 International Trade Organizations","parent_id":"F1"}],"output":[{"type":"World Bank Reports & Flagships","title":"Industrial Policy for Development: Approaches in the 21st Century"}],"language":[{"name":"English","code":"EN"}],"disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","license":[{"name":"Modified BSD3","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/bsd-3-clause\/"}],"contacts":[{"name":"Ana Margarida Fernandes","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"afernandes@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org"}],"technology_requirements":"Runtime: 30 minutes","technology_environment":"Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:\n\u2022 OS: Windows 11 Enterprise, version 23H2\n\u2022 Processor: Intel Xeon Platinum 8562Y+ 2.80 GHz (2 processors)\n\u2022 Memory available: 64 GB","reproduction_instructions":"**1. Access the data:** some of the datasets required to run the reproducibility package are restricted and not included in the reproducibility package. Users need to gain access to the data before being able to run the entire code. See the section Datasets and the README for more information.\n**2. Run the Stata code:** Change the file path in the do-file \"1-Main\" and run it.\n**3. Run the R code:** Open the R script \"fig 15.R\" and run it.\n**4. Open the Excel files:** Open the Excel file \"Output\/figures\/fig 2.xlsx\" to reproduce figure 2 and \"Output\/tables\/table 1_2.xlsx\" to reproduce table 1.2.\n\nSince not all the data are included, the package includes the results produced in the reproducibility verification. These files can be used to review the results presented in the paper.","datasets":[{"name":"Deep Trade Agreements database 1.0 (horizontal depth)","note":"Source: Hoffman, C., Osnago, A., Ruta, M. The dataset was published with the paper \"Horizontal Depth: A New Database on the Content of Preferential Trade Agreements\".\nData file: \"Data\/raw\/DTA 1.0 - Horizontal Content (v2).xlsx\".\nData was accessed in May 2024.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"CC-BY 4.0 with additional terms specified in the license URL","uri":"https:\/\/datacatalogfiles.worldbank.org\/ddh-published\/0065624\/DR0093615\/DTA%201.0%20-%20Horizontal%20Content%20(v2).xlsx ","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/about\/legal\/terms-of-use-for-datasets","citation":"Hoffman, C., Osnago, A., Ruta, M.\n2017.\n\"Deep Trade Agreements database 1.0 (horizontal depth)\" [dataset].\nDownloaded from https:\/\/datacatalogfiles.worldbank.org\/ddh-published\/0065624\/DR0093615\/DTA%201.0%20-%20Horizontal%20Content%20(v2).xlsx.\nAccessed May 2024."},{"uri":"https:\/\/datahelpdesk.worldbank.org\/knowledgebase\/articles\/906519","name":"World Bank Country and Lending Groups","note":"Source: World Bank\nData file: \"Data\/raw\/WBG_IncomeClassification_FY25.dta\", \"Data\/raw\/income_group.xlsx\", \"Data\/processed\/clean\/Income Group data.dta\", \"Data\/processed\/clean\/group.dta\".\nData was accessed in September 2025 (for the current income group classification) and July 2025 (for historic income group classification).","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package","license":"CC-BY 4.0 with additional terms specified in the license URL","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/about\/legal\/terms-of-use-for-datasets","citation":"World Bank.\n2024.\n\"World Bank Group Country and Lending Groups\" [dataset].\nDownloaded from https:\/\/datahelpdesk.worldbank.org\/knowledgebase\/articles\/906519.\nAccessed September 2025."},{"uri":"https:\/\/globalsolaratlas.info\/global-pv-potential-study","name":"Global Photovoltaic Power Potential by Country","note":"Source: World Bank.\nFiles location: \"Data\/raw\/comparative_advantage.xlsx\" (sheet: solar potential).\nData was accessed in September 2025.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package","license":"CC-BY 4.0 with additional terms specified in the license URL","license_uri":"https:\/\/globalsolaratlas.info\/support\/terms-of-use","citation":"World Bank.\n2020.\n\"Global Photovoltaic Power Potential by Country\" [dataset].\nDownloaded from https:\/\/globalsolaratlas.info\/global-pv-potential-study.\nAccessed September 2025."},{"uri":"https:\/\/sdmx.oecd.org\/public\/rest\/data\/OECD.ENV.EPI,DSD_CAPMF@DF_CAPMF,1.0\/all?dimensionAtObservation=AllDimensions&format=csvfilewithlabels","name":"Climate actions and policies measurement framework","note":"Source: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).\nFiles location: \"Data\/raw\/comparative_advantage.xlsx\" (sheet: industrial policy).\nAccessed September 2025.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/en\/about\/terms-conditions.html","citation":"Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.\nn.d.\n\"Climate actions and policies measurement framework\" [dataset].\nDownloaded from https:\/\/sdmx.oecd.org\/public\/rest\/data\/OECD.ENV.EPI,DSD_CAPMF@DF_CAPMF,1.0\/all?dimensionAtObservation=AllDimensions&format=csvfilewithlabels\nAccessed September 2025."},{"uri":"http:\/\/www.govindicators.org\/","name":"Worldwide Governance Indicators","note":"Source: World Bank.\nFile location: \"Data\/raw\/wgi_raw.dta\".\nData was accessed in July 2025.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"CC-BY 4.0 with additional terms specified in the license URL","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/about\/legal\/terms-of-use-for-datasets","citation":"World Bank.\n2024.\n\"Worldwide Governance Indicators\" [dataset].\n2024 revision.\nDownloaded from https:\/\/www.govindicators.org.\nAccessed July 2025."},{"uri":"https:\/\/globaltradealert.org\/reports\/new-industrial-policy-observatory-nipo","name":"New Industrial Policy Observatory (NIPO)","note":"Source: Global Trade Alert.\nFiles location: \"Data\/raw\/GTA NIPO - August 2025.xlsx\".\nData was accessed in August 2025.","access_type":"Data access requires purchase and is not included in the reproducibility package.","license_uri":"https:\/\/gtaupload.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\/Uploads\/web\/NIPO\/NIPO+-+Terms+of+Use.pdf","citation":"Global Trade Alert.\nn.d.\n\"New Industrial Policy Observatory (NIPO)\" [dataset].\nAccessed from https:\/\/globaltradealert.org\/reports\/new-industrial-policy-observatory-nipo.\nAccessed August 2025."},{"name":"Industrial Policy Data - Supplementary data for The Return of Industrial Policy in Data (2024)","note":"Source: Evenett, S., Jakubik, A., Martin, F., Ruta, M.\nFiles location: \"Data\/raw\/EBRD_Juhaszetal_gpt_27May25.dta\".\nAccessed May 2025.","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","citation":"Evenett, S., Jakubik, A., Martin, F., Ruta, M.\nn.d.\n\"Industrial Policy Data - Supplementary data for The Return of Industrial Policy in Data (2024)\" [dataset].\nUnpublished data.\nAccessed May 2025.\n"},{"name":"Supplementary data for The who, what, when, and how of industrial policy: A text-based approach (2023)","note":"Source: Juh\u00e1sz, R., Lane, N., Oehlsen, E., P\u00e9rez, V.\nFiles location: \"\"Data\/raw\/JLOP_Industrial_Policy_Data_for_World_Bank_Fernandes_Reed_April8_2025.dta\".\"\nData was accessed in May 2025.","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","citation":"Juh\u00e1sz, R., Lane, N., Oehlsen, E., P\u00e9rez, V.\nn.d.\n\"Supplementary data for The who, what, when, and how of industrial policy: A text-based approach (2023)\" [dataset].\nUnpublished data.\nAccessed May 2025."},{"uri":"https:\/\/gted.taxexpenditures.org\/","name":"Global Tax Expenditure Database (GTED)","note":"Source: Redonda, A., von Haldenwang, C., Aliu, F.\nFiles location: \"Data\/raw\/GTED_FullDatabase_20240701.xlsx\"\nData was accessed in March 2025.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","citation":"Redonda, A., von Haldenwang, C. Aliu, F.\n2025.\n\"Global Tax Expenditures Database\" [dataset].\nVersion 1.3.2\nTax Expenditures Lab.\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.17312217\nAccessed March 2025."},{"uri":"https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/en\/topics\/sub-issues\/agro-food-trade\/export-restrictions-on-staple-crops.html","name":"OECD Database on Export Restrictions for Staple Crops","note":"Source: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).\nFiles location: \"Data\/raw\/OECD Database on Export Restrictions for Staple Crops 2024.xlsx\"\nData was accessed in June 2025.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/en\/about\/terms-conditions.html","citation":"Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.\n2024.\n\"OECD Database on Export Restrictions for Staple Crops\" [dataset].\nDownloaded from https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/en\/topics\/sub-issues\/agro-food-trade\/export-restrictions-on-staple-crops.html\nAccessed June 2025."},{"uri":"https:\/\/data-explorer.oecd.org\/vis?df[ds]=dsDisseminateFinalDMZ&df[id]=DSD_QDD_TAD_EXP_RESTRIC%40DF_QDD_TAD_EXP_RESTRIC&df[ag]=OECD.TAD.ADM&df[vs]=2.0&dq=....&pd=2009%2C&to[TIME_PERIOD]=false","name":"OECD Inventory of Export Restrictions on Industrial Raw Materials","note":"Source: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).\nFiles location: \"Data\/raw\/oecd-industrial-raw-materials-complete-data_2023.xlsx\".\nData was accessed in June 2025.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/en\/about\/terms-conditions.html","citation":"Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.\n2024.\n\"Inventory of Export Restrictions on Industrial Raw Materials 2024: Monitoring the use of export restrictions amid market and policy tensions\" [dataset].\nDownloaded from https:\/\/data-explorer.oecd.org\/vis?df[ds]=dsDisseminateFinalDMZ&df[id]=DSD_QDD_TAD_EXP_RESTRIC%40DF_QDD_TAD_EXP_RESTRIC&df[ag]=OECD.TAD.ADM&df[vs]=2.0&dq=....&pd=2009%2C&to[TIME_PERIOD]=false\nAccessed June 2025."},{"uri":"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/Topics\/fiscal-policies\/world-revenue-longitudinal-database","name":"World Revenue Longitudinal Database","note":"Source: International Monetary Fund (IMF).\nFile location: \"Data\/raw\/world-imf2024-v1.dta\".\nData was accessed in May 2025.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","citation":"International Monetary Fund.\n2024.\n\"World Revenue Longitudinal Database\" [database].\nDownloaded from https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/Topics\/fiscal-policies\/world-revenue-longitudinal-database.\nAccessed May 2025.","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/copyright-and-terms#data"},{"uri":"https:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/source\/world-development-indicators","name":"World Development Indicators","note":"Source: World Bank.\nData was accessed via the data URL and the Stata command \"wbopendata\".\nIndicators accessed: GDP (constant LCU), GSP (current LCU), GDP (current US$), GDP per capita (current US$), GDP per capita (current LCU), total population.\nFiles location: \"Data\/raw\/wdi_lcu.csv\", \"Data\/raw\/wdi\/wdi gdp.csv\", Data\/raw\/gdp.csv\", \"Data\/raw\/gdp lcu.csv\", \"Data\/raw\/population.csv\", \"Data\/processed\/clean\/GDPdata.dta\".\nData was accessed in July 2025.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"CC-BY 4.0 with additional terms specified in the license URL","citation":"World Bank.\n2025.\n\"World Development Indicators\" [dataset].\nIndicators accessed: GDP (constant LCU), GSP (current LCU), GDP (current US$), GDP per capita (current US$), GDP per capita (current LCU), total population.\nhttps:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/source\/world-development-indicators.\nAccessed July 2025.","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/about\/legal\/terms-of-use-for-datasets"},{"name":"World Integrated Trade Solution - Modified Tariff Time Series (Harmonized and Gap\u2011Filled)","note":"Source: World Bank.\nThis dataset is a researcher\u2011modified derivative of the public WITS dataset (available at https:\/\/wits.worldbank.org\/). The data was applied harmonization and gap\u2011filling to remove missing values and improve consistency in country time series. It differs from the original WITS release. The dataset was requested from Ileana Cristina Constantinescu (ineagu@worldbank.org) from the Macroeconomics, Trade & Investment Global Practice of the World Bank.\nFiles location: \"Data\/processed\/clean\/aggregate tariffs.dta\".\nData was accessed in September 2025.","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners\/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package. Users may contact Ileana Cristina Constantinescu (ineagu@worldbank.org) to request access to this data.","citation":"World Bank.\nn.d.\n\"World Integrated Trade Solution - Modified Tariff Time Series (Harmonized and Gap\u2011Filled)\" [dataset].\nUnpublished data.\nAccessed September 2025."},{"name":"BACI: International Trade Database at the Product-Level - Modified Tariff Time Series (Harmonized and Gap\u2011Filled)","note":"Source: Centre d'\u00c9tudes Prospectives et d'Informations Internationales - Base pour l'Analyse du Commerce International (CEPII - BACI).\nThe dataset is an expanded version of the BACI dataset available online (https:\/\/www.cepii.fr\/CEPII\/en\/bdd_modele\/bdd_modele_item.asp?id=37). The data was applied harmonization and gap\u2011filling to remove missing values and improve consistency in country time series. It differs from the original BACI dataset release. The dataset was requested from Ileana Cristina Constantinescu (ineagu@worldbank.org) from the Macroeconomics, Trade & Investment Global Practice of the World Bank.\nFiles location: \"\"Data\/processed\/clean\/t_2023t.dta\".\nData was accessed in September 2025.","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners\/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package. Users may contact Ileana Cristina Constantinescu (ineagu@worldbank.org) to request access to this data.","citation":"Centre d'\u00c9tudes Prospectives et d'Informations Internationales, World Bank.\nn.d.\n\"BACI: International Trade Database at the Product-Level - Modified Tariff Time Series (Harmonized and Gap\u2011Filled)\" [dataset].\nUnpublished data.\nAccessed September 2025."},{"name":"Integrated Fiscal Series from the International Monetary Fund Quarterly Government Finance Statistics and World Bank BOOST","note":"Source: International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank.\nThis dataset is a researcher-modified derivative combining IMF Quarterly Government Finance Statistics (QGFS) and the World Bank BOOST dataset (see https:\/\/data.imf.org\/en\/datasets\/IMF.STA:QGFS and https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/programs\/boost-portal). Starting from these sources, the data were applied substantial cleaning, harmonization, and integration following a criteria developed for the World Bank flagship subsidies report. Coverage, variable definitions, and time continuity may differ from the original QGFS and BOOST releases. The dataset was requested from Eric Anthony Lacey (elacey@worldbank.org) from the Macroeconomics, Trade & Investment Global Practice of the World Bank.\nFiles location: \"Data\/processed\/clean\/Core data.dta\".\nData was accessed in November 2025.","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners\/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package. Users may contact Eric Anthony Lacey (elacey@worldbank.org) to request access to this data.","citation":"International Monetary Fund, World Bank.\nn.d.\n\"Integrated Fiscal Series from the IMF Quarterly Government Finance Statistics and World Bank BOOST\" [dataset].\nUnpublished data.\nAccessed September 2025."},{"uri":"https:\/\/www.globalpublicprocurementdata.org\/gppd\/","name":"Global Public Procurement Database","note":"Source: World Bank.\nFiles location: \"Data\/raw\/gppd_data.xlsx\".\nData was accessed in December 2025.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"CC-BY 4.0 with additional terms specified in the license URL","citation":"World Bank.\nn.d.\n\"Global Public Procurement Database\" [dataset].\nAccessed from https:\/\/www.globalpublicprocurementdata.org\/gppd\/.\nAccessed December 2025.","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/about\/legal\/terms-of-use-for-datasets"},{"uri":"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/publications\/weo\/issues\/2025\/10\/14\/world-economic-outlook-october-2025#tools","name":"World Economic Outlook","note":"Source: International Monetary Fund (IMF).\nIndicator used: General government gross debt (% of GDP).\nFiles location: \"Data\/raw\/debt.xls\".\nData was accessed in October 2025.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","citation":"International Monetary Fund.\n2025.\n\"World Economic Outlook\" [dataset].\nOctober 2025 database.\nAccessed from https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/publications\/weo\/issues\/2025\/10\/14\/world-economic-outlook-october-2025#tools.\nAccessed October 2025.","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/copyright-and-terms#data"},{"uri":"https:\/\/gqii.org\/gqii-2023\/","name":"Global Quality Infrastructure Index","note":"Source: Harmes-Liedtke, U., Oteiza Di Matteo, J. J., Mu\u00f1oz,  M., Waltos, E.\nFiles location: \"Data\/raw\/gqii2023_public_dataset_v2.xlsx\".\nData was accessed in August 2025.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"CC-BY 4.0","citation":"Harmes-Liedtke, U., Oteiza Di Matteo, J. J., Mu\u00f1oz,  M., Waltos, E.\n2023.\n\"Global Quality Infrastructure Index\" [dataset].\n2023 release.\nDownloaded from https:\/\/gqii.org\/gqii-2023\/.\nAccessed August 2025.","license_uri":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/"},{"uri":"https:\/\/oe.cd\/rdtax","name":"R&D Tax Incentives Database","note":"Source: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).\nIndicator used: Government direct funding and tax support for business R&D.\nFiles location: \"Data\/raw\/OECD_RDTAX_DB2025_1.xlsx\".\nData was accessed in September 2025.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","citation":"Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.\nn.d.\n\"R&D Tax Incentives Database\" [dataset].\nDownloaded from https:\/\/oe.cd\/rdtax.\nAccessed September 2025.","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/en\/about\/terms-conditions.html"},{"uri":"https:\/\/globaltradealert.org\/data-center","name":"Global Trade Alert","note":"Source: Global Trade Alert.\nFiles location: \"Data\/raw\/GTA+Database+2008-2010.xlsx\", \"Data\/raw\/GTA+Database+2011-2015.xlsx\", \"Data\/raw\/GTA+Database+2016-2020.xlsx\", \"Data\/raw\/GTA+Database+2021-latest.xlsx\".\nData was accessed in December 2024 - March 2025.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"CC-BY 4.0","citation":"Global Trade Alert.\n2024.\n\"Global Trade Alert\" [dataset].\nDownloaded from https:\/\/globaltradealert.org\/data-center.\nAccessed March 2025.\nSGEPT. 2024. Global Trade Alert (Database). St. Gallen Endowment for Prosperity through Trade.","license_uri":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"name":"Industrial Policy Survey Data","note":"Source: World Bank.\nData was collected by the study authors from World Bank industrial policy experts.\nFiles location: \"Data\/raw\/Survey on policy dialogue about industrial policy(1-42)_cleaned.xlsx\".\nData was accessed in April 2025.","access_type":"Data is included in the reproducibility package.","citation":"Fernandes, A. M., Reed, T.\n2026.\n\"Industrial Policy Survey Data\" [dataset].\nAccessed in April 2025."},{"name":"National Development Plans Data","note":"Source: World Bank.\nData was manually compiled by the study authors from National Development Plan documents for countries included in the study.\nFiles location: \u201cData\\processed\\clean\\ndps_industries.dta\u201d","access_type":"Data is included in the reproducibility package","citation":"Fernandes, A. M., Reed, T.\n2026.\n\"National Development Plans Data\" [dataset].\nAccessed in April 2025."},{"uri":"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/what-we-do\/products-and-services\/financing-instruments\/development-policy-financing#3","name":"Development Policy Operations: Prior Actions","note":"Source: World Bank.\nData was downloaded from the data URL and derivative data files were generated through manual keyword searches and cleaning.\nFiles location: \u201cData\\processed\\clean\\wb investment projects.dta\u201d\n\u201cData\\processed\\clean\\wb prior actions.dta\u201d\n\u201cData\\processed\\clean\\dpad_database_FY23.dta\u201d\n\u201cData\\processed\\clean\\wb_soe_keywords.dta\u201d\n\u201cData\\processed\\clean\\wb_subtax_keywords.dta\u201d\n\u201cData\\processed\\clean\\wb_trade_keywords.dta\u201d\nData was accessed in June 2025.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","citation":"World Bank.\nn.d.\n\"Development Policy Operations: Prior Actions\" [dataset].\nDownloaded from https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/what-we-do\/products-and-services\/financing-instruments\/development-policy-financing#3.\nAccessed July 2025."},{"uri":"https:\/\/climatepolicydatabase.org\/","name":"Climate Policy Database","note":"Source: NewClimate Institute, Wageningen University and Research, PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency.\nThe data was accessed in the data URL and manually exported into Stata and saved in the file \"green_policies.dta\".\nFiles location: \"Data\/processed\/clean\/green_policies.dta\".\nData was accessed in July 2025.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"CC-BY 4.0","citation":"NewClimate Institute, Wageningen University and Research, PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency. \n2024.\n\"Climate Policy Database\" [dataset].\nDOI: 10.5281\/zenodo.154329464\nAccessed July 2025.","license_uri":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/"},{"uri":"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/publication\/state-and-trends-of-carbon-pricing","name":"State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2025 - Share of economic sectors\u2019 global greenhouse gas emissions covered by an emissions trading system or carbon tax","note":"Source: World Bank.\nData was manually compiled from the report \"State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2025\".\nFiles location: \"Data\/processed\/clean\/S&T Fig 3.xlsx\".\nData was accessed in August 2025.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"CC BY 3.0 IGO","citation":"World Bank.\n2025.\n\"State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2025\".\nAccessed from https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/publication\/state-and-trends-of-carbon-pricing\nAccessed August 2025.","license_uri":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/igo"},{"name":"Exports and Investment Promotion Agencies and Years of Establishment","note":"Source: World Bank.\nData was manually compiled by the study authors from government websites.\nData file: \"Data\/raw\/agency_year.xlsx\".\nData was accessed in July 2025.","access_type":"Data is included in the reproducibility package.","citation":"Fernandes, A. M., Reed, T.\n2026.\n\"Exports and Investment Promotion Agencies and Years of Establishment\" [dataset].\nAccessed in July 2025."},{"name":"Global Value Chains Product Taxonomy from Rosenow and Mealy (2024)","note":"Source: Rosenow, S.K., Mealy, P.\nThe data was manually compiled by the study authors from information included in \"Rosenow, S.K. and Mealy, P. 2024. Turning Risks into Reward: Diversifying the Global Value Chains of Decarbonization Technologies Policy Research Working Paper, no. 10696\".\nFiles location: \"Data\/raw\/GVC5_product_taxonomy.dta\".\nData was accessed in October 2025.","access_type":"Data is included in the reproducibility package.","citation":"Rosenow, S.K., Mealy, P.\n2024.\n\"Global Value Chains Product Taxonomy from Rosenow and Mealy (2024)\" [dataset].\nAccessed October 2025."}]},"tags":[{"tag":"DOI"},{"tag":"Open Code"},{"tag":"Restricted Data"}],"schematype":"script"}