{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","abbr":"DECDI","affiliation":"World Bank - Development Impact Department","role":"Verification and preparation of metadata"}],"prod_date":"2026-02-05","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"authoring_entity":[{"name":"Unnada Chewpreecha","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"uchewpreecha@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Aaditya Mattoo","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"amattoo@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Trang Thu Tran","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"ttran6@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Hector Pollitt","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"hpollitt@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Francesca de Nicola","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"fdenicola@worldbank.org"}],"title_statement":{"title":"Reproducibility Package for Comparing The Effectiveness Of Low Carbon Policies: A Technology Diffusion Approach","idno":"RR_ASI_2025_536"},"data_statement":"Some data is restricted and has not been included in the reproducibility package.","software":[{"name":"Eviews","version":"14"},{"name":"Stata","version":"18.5 MP"},{"name":"Excel","version":"Microsoft Excel for Microsoft 365 MSO"}],"scripts":[{"title":"Reproducibility package for Comparing The Effectiveness Of Low Carbon Policies:  A Technology Diffusion Approach","date":"2026-02","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank.","instructions":"See README in reproducibility package.","file_name":"RR_ASI_2025_536","zip_package":"RR_ASI_2025_536.zip","dependencies":"Stata dependencies are listed in the ado folder.  No dependencies are used for EViews or Excel."}],"repository_uri":[{"name":"Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank)","uri":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org"}],"production_date":"2026-02-05","abstract":"This paper studies the effectiveness of different policy instruments in accelerating the adoption of low-carbon technologies. Despite substantial declines in the costs of these technologies, diffusion remains uneven, driven by local economic conditions and policy environments. Using a modeling approach grounded in technology diffusion theory, we assess how price-based (e.g. carbon taxes, subsidies) and non-price (e.g. mandates and regulatory requirements) instruments affect technology diffusion and carbon emissions across four East Asian economies. Our analysis explicitly accounts for path dependence, learning, and technology uncertainty, factors often overlooked in standard models.\u202fThe results highlight the importance of timing and policy sequencing: in the early stages of diffusion, price instruments may be less effective while non-price instruments can more successfully address coordination failures and subsequently enhance the impact of carbon pricing. The optimal policy combinations ultimately depend on the stage of technological maturity, initial technology adoption patterns and local conditions.","geographic_units":[{"name":"Asia","code":"ASI"}],"keywords":[{"name":"Technology Diffusion"},{"name":"Climate Policy"},{"name":"Pricing Policy"},{"name":"Non-Pricing Policy"},{"name":"Carbon Pricing"},{"name":"Low-Carbon Technologies"},{"name":"Path Dependence"},{"name":"Policy Sequencing"},{"name":"Learning-By-Doing"},{"name":"Energy Transition"},{"name":"Renewable Energy Adoption"},{"name":"Regulatory Instruments"},{"name":"Market-Based In"}],"topics":[{"id":"Q55","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Technological Innovation","parent_id":"Q5"},{"id":" Q58","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Government Policy","parent_id":"Q5"},{"id":" Q48","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Government Policy","parent_id":"Q4"},{"id":" O33","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Technological Change: Choices and Consequences \u2022 Diffusion Processes","parent_id":"O3"},{"id":" H23","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Externalities \u2022 Redistributive Effects \u2022 Environmental Taxes and Subsidies","parent_id":"H2"}],"output":[{"type":"Working Paper","description":"Policy Research Working Papers (PRWP)","title":"Comparing The Effectiveness Of Low Carbon Policies: A Technology Diffusion Approach"}],"language":[{"name":"English","code":"EN"}],"disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","license":[{"name":"Modified BSD3","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/bsd-3-clause\/"}],"contacts":[{"name":"Unnada Chewpreecha","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"uchewpreecha@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org"}],"datasets":[{"name":"World Development Indicators","citation":"World Bank.\n2025.\n\"World Development Indicators\" [Data set].\nIndicators accessed: GDP per capita, PPP (constant 2021 international $); GDP (constant 2015 US$); GDP (current US$); GDP per capita (constant 2015 US$); lending interest rate (%).\nRetrieved from wbopendata (Stata package).\nAccessed in September 2025.\nhttps:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/source\/world-development-indicators","note":"Source: World Bank.\nData was accessed using the Stata package wbopendata. Indicators accessed: GDP per capita, PPP (constant 2021 international $); GDP (constant 2015 US$); GDP (current US$); GDP per capita (constant 2015 US$); lending interest rate (%).\nAccessed January December 2025.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"CC-BY 4.0 with additional terms specified in the license URL","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/about\/legal\/terms-of-use-for-datasets","uri":"https:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/source\/world-development-indicators"},{"name":"Yearly Electricity Data","note":"Source: Ember.\nData files: \"yearly_full_release_long_format.csv\" (downloaded from the data URL), \"FTTAssumptionsIDN.xlsx\", \"FTTAssumptionsTHA.xlsx\", \"FTTAssumptionsVNM.xlsx\". Sheets: \"OWID_IEA_World_STEPS\", \"OWID_IEA_World_APS\", \"OWID_IEA_World_NZE\", \"EnergyPrice_IEA\" (accessed from Our World in Data: https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/electricity-mix).\nData was accessed on May 29, 2025.","license":"CC-BY 4.0","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license_uri":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/deed.en","uri":"https:\/\/files.ember-energy.org\/public-downloads\/yearly_full_release_long_format.csv","citation":"Ember.\nn.d.\n\"Yearly Electricity Data\" [dataset].\nDownloaded from https:\/\/files.ember-energy.org\/public-downloads\/yearly_full_release_long_format.csv (accessed May 29, 2025) and https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/electricity-mix (accessed August 2024)."},{"name":"Government Energy Spending Tracker: Policy Database","license":"CC-BY 4.0","license_uri":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/deed.en","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","note":"Source: International Energy Agency (IEA).\nThe data was manually copied and pasted into an Excel by clicking the \"Detailed Breakdown\" tab, expanding all programs in the \"Measure\" tab, and copying all the resulting content.\nData file: \"IEA_energy_spending.2024.04.25.xlsx\".\nData was accessed on April 25, 2024.","uri":"https:\/\/www.iea.org\/data-and-statistics\/data-tools\/government-energy-spending-tracker-policy-database","citation":"International Energy Agency (IEA).\nn.d.\n\"Government Energy Spending Tracker: Policy Database\" [dataset].\nAccessed from https:\/\/www.iea.org\/data-and-statistics\/data-tools\/government-energy-spending-tracker-policy-database.\nAccessed April 25, 2024."},{"name":"Net effective carbon rates","note":"Source: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).\nData file: \"OECD.CTP.TPS,DSD_NECR.MEANW.Q.A.csv\".\nData was accessed on May 29, 2025.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/en\/about\/terms-conditions.html","citation":"OECD (2024), \nPricing Greenhouse Gas Emissions 2024: Gearing Up to Bring Emissions Down, \nOECD Series on Carbon Pricing and Energy Taxation, OECD Publishing, Paris, \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1787\/b44c74e6-en, Net effective carbon rates, accessed May 29, 2025.","uri":"https:\/\/data-explorer.oecd.org\/vis?lc=en&fs%5b0%5d=Topic%2C1%7CTaxation%23TAX%23%7CTax%20and%20environment%23TAX_ENV%23&pg=0&fc=Topic&bp=true&snb=7&df%5bds%5d=dsDisseminateFinalDMZ&df%5bid%5d=DSD_NECR%40DF_NECRS&df%5bag%5d=OECD.CTP.TPS&dq=._T._T.FUETAX%2BCARBTAX%2BMPERPRI%2BECRATE%2BSUBSID%2BNETECR...MEANW.Q.A&pd=2021%2C&to%5bTIME_PERIOD%5d=false&vw=tb"},{"name":"Regulatory Indicators for Sustainable Energy (RISE)","note":"Source: World Bank.\nData file: \"re_pillar_website_upload.xlsx\".\nData was accessed on June 4, 2025.","license":"CC-BY 4.0","license_uri":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/deed.en","citation":"World Bank (2023).\nRegulatory Indicators for Sustainable Energy (RISE) 2023: Building Resilience.\nWashington, DC: World Bank.\nhttps:\/\/rise.esmap.org\/\nAccessed June 4, 2025.","uri":"https:\/\/data360.worldbank.org\/en\/int\/dataset\/WB_RISE","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package."},{"name":"Global Photovoltaic Power Potential by Country","uri":"https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/search\/dataset\/0038379","license":"CC-BY 4.0","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license_uri":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/deed.en","note":"Source: World Bank.\nData file: \"solargis_pvpotential_countryranking_2020_data.xlsx\".\nData was accessed on March 6, 2025.","citation":"Data obtained from the \u201cGlobal Solar Atlas 2.0\", a free, web-based application developed and operated by the company Solargis s.r.o. on behalf of the World Bank Group, utilizing Solargis data, with funding provided by the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP). For additional information: https:\/\/globalsolaratlas.info. Accessed March 6, 2025."},{"name":"Fossil Fuel Subsidies Data - Supplementary Material for International Monetary Fund Fossil Fuel Subsidies Data: 2023 Update","note":"Source: Black, S., Antung, A. L., Parry, I. W. H.\nThe data corresponds to supplementary material for \"IMF Fossil Fuel Subsidies Data: 2023 Update\". Data might not longer be available in the data URL, but an updated version is available at https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/publications\/wp\/issues\/2025\/12\/20\/underpriced-and-overused-fossil-fuel-subsidies-data-2025-update-572729.\nData file: \"EXTERNALfuelsubsidiestemplate2023new.xlsx\".\nData was accessed on March 6, 2025.","access_type":"Data is included in the reproducibility package.","uri":"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/topics\/climate-change\/energy-subsidies#Energy%20Subsidies","citation":"Black, S., Antung, A. L., Parry, I. W. H.\n2023.\n\"Fossil Fuel Subsidies Data - Supplementary Material for International Monetary Fund Fossil Fuel Subsidies Data: 2023 Update\" [dataset].\nDownloaded from https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/topics\/climate-change\/energy-subsidies#Energy%20Subsidies.\nAccessed March 6, 2025.","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/about\/copyright-and-terms#data"},{"name":"Supplementary Material for Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2023","uri":"https:\/\/www.irena.org\/Publications\/2024\/Sep\/Renewable-Power-Generation-Costs-in-2023","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","note":"Source: International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA).\nData files: \"IRENA-Datafile-RenPwrGenCosts-in-2023-v2.xlsx\", \"FTTAssumptionsIDN.xlsx\", \"FTTAssumptionsTHA.xlsx\", \"FTTAssumptionsVNM.xlsx\". Sheet: \"ForEviews\". Variables from this dataset are listed in the README.\nData was accessed in August 2024.","citation":"International Renewable Energy Agency.\n2024.\n\"Supplementary Material for Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2023\" [dataset].\nDownloaded from https:\/\/www.irena.org\/Publications\/2024\/Sep\/Renewable-Power-Generation-Costs-in-2023.\nAccessed August 2024."},{"name":"Levelised Cost of Electricity Calculator","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"CC BY 4.0","license_uri":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/deed.en","uri":"https:\/\/www.iea.org\/data-and-statistics\/data-tools\/levelised-cost-of-electricity-calculator","note":"Source: International Energy Agency.\nData files: \"FTTAssumptionsIDN.xlsx\", \"FTTAssumptionsTHA.xlsx\", \"FTTAssumptionsVNM.xlsx\". Sheets: \"LCOE -IEA\", \"LCOE Coal - IEA\", \"LCOE Gas - IEA\", \"LCOE Hydro - IEA\", \"LCOE Bio - IEA\", \"LCOE Nuclear - IEA\", \"LCOE Solar - IEA\", \"LCOE Wind - IEA\", \"LCOE Geothermal - IEA\".\nData was accessed on August 2024.","citation":"International Energy Agency.\n2020.\n\"Levelised Cost of Electricity Calculator\" [dataset].\nAccessed from https:\/\/www.iea.org\/data-and-statistics\/data-tools\/levelised-cost-of-electricity-calculator.\nAccessed August 2024."},{"name":"World Energy Outlook 2022 Extended Dataset","note":"Source: International Energy Agency.\nData was purchased via the data URL on August 2024, but it is not available by the date of the reproducibility package publication. An updated version of the dataset might be available at https:\/\/www.iea.org\/data-and-statistics\/data-product\/world-energy-outlook-2025-extended-dataset.\nData files: \"FTTAssumptionsIDN.xlsx\", \"FTTAssumptionsTHA.xlsx\", \"FTTAssumptionsVNM.xlsx\". Sheets: \"OWID_IEA_World_STEPS\", \"OWID_IEA_World_APS\", \"OWID_IEA_World_NZE\", \"EnergyPrice_IEA\".\n","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.iea.org\/terms\/terms-of-use-for-non-cc-material","uri":"https:\/\/www.iea.org\/data-and-statistics\/data-product\/world-energy-outlook-2022-extended-dataset","access_type":"There is no documented way to access the data, and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","citation":"International Energy Agency.\n2023.\n\"World Energy Outlook 2022 Extended Dataset\" [dataset].\nAccessed from https:\/\/www.iea.org\/data-and-statistics\/data-product\/world-energy-outlook-2022-extended-dataset.\nAccessed August 2024."},{"name":"Future Technology Transformations for the Power Sector Dataset - Supplementary Data from Mercure (2012)","note":"Source: Mercure, J-F.\nThe dataset is supplementary data to \"FTT:Power : A global model of the power sector with induced technological change and natural resource depletion\" (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enpol.2012.06.025).\nData files: \"FTTAssumptionsIDN.xlsx\", \"FTTAssumptionsTHA.xlsx\", \"FTTAssumptionsVNM.xlsx\". Sheet: \"ForEviews\". Variables from this dataset are listed in the README.\nData was accessed in August 2024.","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","citation":"Mercure, J-F.\nn.d.\n\"Future Technology Transformations for the Power Sector Dataset - Supplementary Data from Mercure (2012)\" [dataset].\nUnpublished data.\nAccessed August 2024."},{"name":"World Energy Balances Highlights","note":"Source: International Energy Agency.\nData files: \"FTTAssumptionsIDN.xlsx\", \"FTTAssumptionsTHA.xlsx\", \"FTTAssumptionsVNM.xlsx\". Sheet: \"ForEviews\". Variables from this dataset are listed in the README.\nData was accessed in August 2024.","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.iea.org\/terms\/terms-of-use-for-non-cc-material","uri":"https:\/\/www.iea.org\/data-and-statistics\/data-product\/world-energy-balances-highlights","access_type":"Data access requires purchase and is not included in the reproducibility package.","citation":"International Energy Agency.\n2024.\n\"World Energy Balances Highlights\" [dataset].\nAccessed from https:\/\/www.iea.org\/data-and-statistics\/data-product\/world-energy-balances-highlights.\nAccessed August 2024."}],"technology_requirements":"Runtime: 10 minutes.","technology_environment":"Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:\n\u2022 OS: Windows 11 Enterprise, version 25H2\n\u2022 Processor: Intel(R) Core(TM) Ultra 7 165U (2.10 GHz)\n\u2022 Memory available: 31.5 GB","reproduction_instructions":"**1. Access the data:** some of the datasets required to run the reproducibility package are restricted and not included in the reproducibility package. Users need to gain access to the data before being able to run the entire code. See the section Datasets for more information.\n**2. Run the Stata code:** Change the file path in the do-file \"main\" and run it.\n**3. Run the EViews programs:**\n    -  Run \"IndonesiaCaseStudy.prg\" and paste the results in the sheet \"RawEviews\" of \"IndonesiaCaseStudy.xlsx\".\n    -  Run \"ThailandCaseStudy.prg\" and paste the results in the sheet \"RawEviews\" of \"ThailandCaseStudy.xlsx\".\n    -  Run \"VietnamCaseStudy.prg\" and paste the results in the sheet \"RawEviews\" of \"VietnamCaseStudy.xlsx\".\n\nSince not all the data are included, the package includes the results produced in the reproducibility verification. These files can be used to review the results presented in the paper."},"tags":[{"tag":"DOI"},{"tag":"Open Code"},{"tag":"Restricted Data"}],"schematype":"script"}