{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","abbr":"DECDI","affiliation":"World Bank - Development Impact Department","role":"Verification and preparation of metadata"}],"prod_date":"2026-02-23","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"authoring_entity":[{"name":"Adeel Tariq","affiliation":"Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS)","email":"adeel.tariq@lums.edu.pk"},{"name":"Gladys Lopez Acevedo","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"gacevedo@worldbank.org"}],"title_statement":{"title":"Reproducibility package for Digital Technology, Gender, And Structural Transformation: Evidence From The Mashreq","idno":"RR_LBN_2026_574"},"data_statement":"All data sources are restricted and not included in the reproducibility package.","software":[{"name":"Stata","version":"18 MP"}],"scripts":[{"title":"Reproducibility package for Digital Technology, Gender, And Structural Transformation: Evidence From The Mashreq","date":"2026-02","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank.","instructions":"See README in reproducibility package.","file_name":"RR_LBN_2026_574","zip_package":"RR_LBN_2026_574.zip","dependencies":"Stata dependencies are listed in the ado folder."}],"repository_uri":[{"name":"Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank)","uri":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org"}],"production_date":"2026-02-23","abstract":"Technological change has historically widened or preserved gender gaps in labor market outcomes in favor of men. The World Bank\u2019s Digital Transformation and its Role in Expanding Women\u2019s Economic Opportunities in Iraq, Jordan, and Lebanon (2025) provides a comprehensive diagnostic of the digital landscape facing women in the Mashreq, documenting large gender gaps in access, skills, and use; identifying infrastructure, regulatory, and social constraints; and outlining policy priorities to make digitalization more inclusive. This paper builds directly on that foundation by developing a formal framework that treats digital technology as potentially gender-biased technical change and by empirically testing whether digital adoption is differentially associated with women\u2019s labor market outcomes. Using latent indices of digital skills and digital use constructed from the flagship survey data, we show that digital technology is more strongly associated with women\u2019s labor force participation, sector-specific earnings, and key mediating factors\u2014such as productive internet use, online safety behavior, and the easing of care-related constraints\u2014than with corresponding outcomes for men. By linking these patterns to a dual-economy perspective on structural transformation, the paper reframes digitalization not merely as a tool for inclusion, but as a mechanism that may shift both labor demand and labor supply in ways that favor women in low-participation settings such as the Mashreq.","geographic_units":[{"name":"Lebanon","code":"LBN"}],"keywords":[{"name":"Digitalization"},{"name":"Gender-Biased Technical Change"},{"name":"Women\u2019s Labor Force Participation"},{"name":"Digital Skills And Use"},{"name":"Structural Transformation"}],"topics":[{"id":"J16","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Economics of Gender \u2022 Non-labor Discrimination","parent_id":"J1"},{"id":" J21","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure","parent_id":"J2"},{"id":" O33","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Technological Change: Choices and Consequences \u2022 Diffusion Processes","parent_id":"O3"},{"id":" O15","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Human Resources \u2022 Human Development \u2022 Income Distribution \u2022 Migration","parent_id":"O1"},{"id":"  O17","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Formal and Informal Sectors \u2022 Shadow Economy \u2022 Institutional Arrangements","parent_id":"O1"}],"output":[{"type":"Working Paper","description":"Policy Research Working Papers (PRWP)","title":"Digital Technology, Gender, And Structural Transformation: Evidence From The Mashreq"}],"language":[{"name":"English","code":"EN"}],"technology_requirements":"Virtual verification runtime: 10 minutes","disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","license":[{"name":"Modified BSD3","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/bsd-3-clause\/"}],"contacts":[{"name":"Adeel Tariq","affiliation":"Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS)","email":"adeel.tariq@lums.edu.pk"},{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org"}],"datasets":[{"name":"Digital Gender Gap and Economic Opportunities Survey (DGGEOS)","note":"Source: World Bank\nDigital Gender Gap and Economic Opportunities Survey (DGGEOS) is a multi-country household survey implemented by the World Bank to study digital access, labor market outcomes, and gender gaps in economic opportunities in Mashreq countries. Users interested in accessing this data must contact Salman Zaidi(szaidi5@worldbank.org) to request access.","access_type":"Data is restricted and not included in the reproducibility package. ","citation":"World Bank. (2026). Digital Gender Gap and Economic Opportunities Survey (DGGEOS) [dataset]. [Restricted]"}],"reproduction_instructions":"Since all data used in the analysis are restricted and require special permissions, the reproducibility review was conducted through virtual verification following the [Virtual Reproducibility Verification Protocols](https:\/\/worldbank.github.io\/wb-reproducible-research-repository\/guidance\/virtual_reproducibility_verification_protocol.html).\n\nTo reproduce the findings in this paper, a user must:\n1. **Obtain access to the restricted data**: The data used in this paper are restricted and require special permissions. Additional details are provided in the README file.  \n2. **Adjust file paths and run the code**: After obtaining data access, update the directory specified in line 10 of `master.do` and run the script. All outputs will be generated in the `output` folder.  \nBecause access to the restricted data may not be possible for most users, this package includes the outputs generated by the author and verified by the reviewers. These files can be used to review and validate the results presented in the paper.\n","technology_environment":"Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:\n\u2022 OS: Windows 11 Enterprise\n\u2022 Processor: Intel(R) Xeon(R) Gold 6226R CPU @ 2.90GHz\n\u2022 Memory available: 16.0 GB"},"tags":[{"tag":"DOI"},{"tag":"Open Code"}],"schematype":"script"}