{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","abbr":"DECDI","affiliation":"World Bank - Development Impact Department","role":"Verification and preparation of metadata"}],"prod_date":"2026-02-20","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"authoring_entity":[{"name":"World Bank"}],"title_statement":{"title":"Reproducibility package for Hooked on Subsidies: The Case for Reform","idno":"FR_WLD_2025_464"},"data_statement":"Some data is limited-access and has not been included in the reproducibility package. For more details, please refer to the README file.","software":[{"name":"R","version":"4.5.1"},{"name":"Stata","version":"19.0 MP"},{"name":"Python","version":"3.10.19"},{"name":"Excel","version":"2512"}],"scripts":[{"title":"Reproducibility package for Hooked on Subsidies: The Case for Reform","date":"2026-02","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank.","instructions":"See README in reproducibility package.","file_name":"FR_WLD_2025_464","zip_package":"FR_WLD_2025_464.zip","dependencies":"R dependencies are listed in the file renv.lock. Stata dependencies are listed in the ado folder."}],"repository_uri":[{"name":"Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank)","uri":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org"}],"production_date":"2026-02-20","abstract":"This flagship establishes a conceptualization of fiscal subsidies, estimates their fiscal costs in emerging market and developing economies, provides a framework for assessing them, and demonstrates sectoral applications of the framework. Emerging market and developing economies spend an average of 6.9 percent of GDP annually on subsidies \u2014 often exceeding combined public spending on health and education \u2014 making subsidies a major driver of deteriorating fiscal balances. Many of these subsidies are poorly targeted, disproportionately benefiting wealthier households, and a significant share remains hard to account for and absent from official fiscal reporting, meaning true costs are likely even higher. The assessment framework introduced in this report consists of six pillars: rationale and appropriateness, design, fiscal costs, additionality and welfare improvements, implementation, and evaluation. Applied across sectors, the framework reveals that reforming, repurposing, or ending them can generate substantial savings that could be redirected toward productive investments in human capital and infrastructure. The report also identifies pathways for reform, including improved transparency and tracking, better-targeted delivery mechanisms, and political economy strategies to build broad-based support for change.","geographic_units":[{"name":"World","code":"WLD"}],"keywords":[{"name":"Subsidies"},{"name":"Tax Expenditures"},{"name":"Direct Transfers"},{"name":"State Support"},{"name":"Distortions"},{"name":"Industrial Policy"},{"name":"Social Assistance"},{"name":"Cost-Benefit Analysis"}],"topics":[{"id":"H20","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"General","parent_id":"H2"},{"id":" H21","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Efficiency \u2022 Optimal Taxation","parent_id":"H2"},{"id":" H22","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Incidence","parent_id":"H2"},{"id":" H23","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Externalities \u2022 Redistributive Effects \u2022 Environmental Taxes and Subsidies","parent_id":"H2"},{"id":" H25","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Business Taxes and Subsidies","parent_id":"H2"},{"id":" H30","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"General","parent_id":"H3"},{"id":" H31","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Household","parent_id":"H3"},{"id":" H32","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Firm","parent_id":"H3"},{"id":" H53","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs","parent_id":"H5"}],"output":[{"title":"Reproducibility package for Hooked on Subsidies: The Case for Reform","type":"World Bank Reports & Flagships","uri":"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/publication\/hooked-on-subsidies"}],"language":[{"name":"English","code":"EN"}],"disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","license":[{"name":"Modified BSD3","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/bsd-3-clause\/"}],"contacts":[{"name":"Eric Lacey","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"elacey@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org"}],"datasets":[{"name":"World Economic Outlook Database","note":"1. Data accessed in May 2025. The author compiled an additional dataset, WEO_country_bridge_table.dta, which maps country names as they appear in the WEO to corresponding ISO codes for use with other datasets.\nFiles: Chapter 2\/Raw data folder\/WEO_country_bridge_table.dta; WEOApr2025all.xlsx. \n2. Data accessed in September 2025. Gross domestic product, deflator, just for the USA from 2015-2025.\nFiles: sheet \u201cWEO GDP deflator data\u201d in Chapter 6.3\/Agriculture.xlsx. \n3. Data accessed in September 2024. Inflation rate, average consumer prices.\nFiles: sheet \"IMF_Infla\" in Chapter 6.2\/Data_Cleaning\/00_CountryDataWithMasterKey.xlsx. ","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/about\/copyright-and-terms","uri":"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/publications\/weo\/weo-database\/2025\/april","citation":"International Monetary Fund. 2025. World Economic Outlook, April 2025. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund. "},{"name":"The Government Finance Statistics Statement of Operations","note":"Data were accessed in September 2025. The author compiled two additional files: Preferred level of government list.xlsx, which identifies the level of government selected for each country in the GFS data based on data availability, recency, and analytical relevance; and GFS_country_bridge_table.dta, which maps country names as they appear in GFS to standardized ISO country codes for use with other datasets. \nFile Location: Chapter 2\/Raw data folder. \nFiles: Preferred level of government list.xlsx; GFS_country_bridge_table.dta; GFS_SOO.csv. ","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/about\/copyright-and-terms","uri":"https:\/\/data.imf.org\/en\/datasets\/IMF.STA:GFS_SOO","citation":"International Monetary Fund. 2025. GFS Statement of Operations,  https:\/\/data.imf.org\/en\/datasets\/IMF.STA:GFS_SOO. Accessed on September 2025."},{"name":"World Bank Country and Lending Groups","note":"Data accessed in September 2025.   \nFiles: Chapter 2\/Raw data folder\/OGHIST_2025_07_01.xlsx; Chapter 5.1\/data\/raw_data\/OGHIST_2025_10_07.xlsx; sheet \"Income groups\" in Chapter 6.3\/Agriculture.xlsx; Chapter 6.2\/Data_Cleaning\/CLASS.xlsx; Chapter 6.1\/Section 6.1\/Data\/CLASS_2025_10_07.xlsx\n","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0)","license_uri":"https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/public-licenses#cc-by","uri":"https:\/\/datahelpdesk.worldbank.org\/knowledgebase\/articles\/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups","citation":"World Bank. 2025. \"World Bank Country and Lending Groups\" [dataset]. Downloaded from https:\/\/ddh-openapi.worldbank.org\/resources\/DR0095334\/download. Accessed September 2025."},{"name":"Global Tax Expenditures Database","note":"Data accessed in September 2025 and November 2024. Multiple versions of files used in different chapters. Find more details in chapter-specific README.\nFile Location: Chapter 2\/Raw data folder\/GTED_FullDatabase_20250505.xlsx; Chapter 5.1\/data\/raw_data\/GTED  Data Download   GTED (202411).xlsx; Chapter 6.1\/Section 6.1\/Data\/GTED_FullDatabase_20240125.xlsx\n","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International","uri":"https:\/\/gted.taxexpenditures.org\/data\/Full\/GTED_FullDatabase_20250505.xlsx","citation":"(1) Redonda, A., von Haldenwang, C., & Aliu, F. (2025). Global Tax Expenditures Database (GTED) (1.3.1) [dataset]. Tax Expenditures Lab. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.13332268; (2) Redonda, A., von Haldenwang, C., & Aliu, F. (2025). Global Tax Expenditures Database (GTED) (1.3.2) [dataset]. Tax Expenditures Lab. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.17312217\n"},{"name":"Fossil Fuel Subsidies","note":"Data accessed in September 2025.  \nFile Location: Chapter 2\/Raw data folder. \nFiles: Fossil_Fuel_Subsidies.csv","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/about\/copyright-and-terms","uri":"https:\/\/climatedata.imf.org\/datasets\/d48cfd2124954fb0900cef95f2db2724_0\/explore","citation":"Black, Simon; Liu, Antung A.; Parry, Ian; Vernon, Nate. 2023. IMF Fossil Fuel Subsidies Date: 2023 Update. International Monetary Fund. ISBN: 9798400249006\/1018-5941. IMF staff estimations."},{"name":"BOOST aggregator, subsidy flagship vintage (Sept 2025)","note":"Data were accessed in September 2025. The author used the file aggregator_basic.xlsm, which contains aggregated country-level BOOST data compiled by the World Bank from granular FMIS sources in consultation with country authorities. The file also relies on two helper datasets: BOOST_selection.xlsx, which includes country-level characteristics used to restrict the sample, and BOOST_country_bridge_table.dta, which maps country names as they appear in BOOST to standardized ISO country codes for use with other datasets. \nFile Location: Chapter 2\\Raw data folder. \nFiles: aggregator_basic.xlsm; BOOST_selection.xlsx; BOOST_country_bridge_table.dta","license":"License Not Applicable (AMS 6.21A)","license_uri":"https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/int\/all-licenses?fragment=lna","access_type":"Data is only available to World Bank staff for official Bank use, and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","uri":"https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/int\/search\/dataset\/0066925\/boost_aggregator_subsidy_flagship_vintage_sept_2025","citation":"World Bank. \u201cBOOST.\u201d Unpublished data. Accessed September 2025."},{"name":"Fiscal survey, subsidy flagship vintage (July 2025)","note":"Data were accessed in September 2025. The author used the dataset WBFD core variables in columns.dta, which contains core fiscal survey data compiled by the World Bank through a biannual EMFTX-led exercise with country teams and mapped to GFS categories for cross-country comparability. \nFile Location: Chapter 2\\Raw data folder. \nFiles: WBFD core variables in columns.dta","license":"License Not Applicable (AMS 6.21A)","access_type":"Data is only available to World Bank staff for official Bank use, and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","license_uri":"https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/int\/all-licenses?fragment=lna","uri":"https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/int\/search\/dataset\/0066926\/fiscal_survey_subsidy_flagship_vintage_july_2025","citation":"World Bank. 2025. Fiscal Survey, Subsidy Flagship Vintage (July 2025). Accessed September 2025."},{"name":"Corporate Income Tax Incentives Database","note":"Data accessed in January 20, 2025. \nFile Location: Chapter 5.1\/data\/raw_data. \nFiles: World Bank CIT Incentives Database - Streamlined data by incentive Jan 2025.xlsx","access_type":"Data is forthcoming in the World Bank Development Data Hub"},{"name":"R&D Tax Incentives","note":"Data accessed in 2024. Authors compiled the data using OECD data explorer. \nFile Location: Chapter 5.2\/data\/Updated. \nFiles: RDTAX_02072024152147036","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/en\/about\/terms-conditions.html","citation":"OECD (2024), Estimates of government support for business R&D through tax incentives, OECD Data Explorer, https:\/\/data-explorer.oecd.org\/ (accessed on 2024)."},{"name":"GDP per capita","note":"Data accessed in 2024. Authors compiled the data using OECD data explorer. \nFile Location: Chapter 5.2\/data\/Updated\/PDB_LV_13062024044944980.csv","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/en\/about\/terms-conditions.html","citation":"OECD (2024), GDP per capita in current USD and PPPs, by country and year, OECD Data Explorer, https:\/\/data-explorer.oecd.org\/ (accessed on 2024)."},{"name":"VAT Threshold Dataset","note":"File Location: Chapter 6.1\/Section 6.1\/Data. \nFiles: VAT_threshold.xlsx","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/about\/copyright-and-terms","uri":"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/external\/np\/fad\/tpaf\/files\/VAT_threshold.xlsx","citation":"International Monetary Fund (IMF). Tax Policy Assessment Framework (TPAF) \u2013 VAT Threshold Dataset. Washington, D.C.: IMF Fiscal Affairs Department, 2022. Available at: https:\/\/www.imf.org\/external\/np\/fad\/tpaf\/files\/VAT_threshold.xlsx"},{"name":"World Development Indicators","note":"1. Data accessed in July 2024. Country-level panel of GNI per capita (Atlas method, current US$) for years 2021 and 2022. \nFile: Chapter 6.1\/Section 6.1\/Data\/P_Data_Extract_From_World_Development_Indicators.xlsx. \n2. Data accessed in September 2025. GDP, current USD (NY.GDP.MKTP.CD). \nFiles: sheet \u201cGDP\u201d in Chapter 6.3\/Agriculture.xlsx; Sheet \"WDI_GDP\" in  Chapter 6.2\/Data_Cleaning00_CountryDataWithMasterKey.xlsx. \n3. Data accessed in 2024. Population, total. \nFile:  Sheet \"WDI_Pop\" in  Chapter 6.2\/Data_Cleaning00_CountryDataWithMasterKey.xlsx. \n4. Data accessed in 2024. Official exchange rate (LCU per US$, period average). \nFile:  Sheet \"WDI_Exch_Rate\" in  Chapter 6.2\/Data_Cleaning00_CountryDataWithMasterKey.xlsx. \n5. Data accessed in November 2025. Country-level metadata. \nFile: Chapter 2\/Raw data folder\/WDICountry.csv.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0","license_uri":"https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/public-licenses#cc-by","uri":"https:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/source\/world-development-indicators","citation":"World Bank. 2025. \"World Development Indicators\" [dataset]. Multiple Indicators accessed.  Accessed in 2024 and 2025. https:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/source\/world-development-indicators"},{"name":"CEQ Country-Year Decile Dataset","note":"Data available to World Bank users on Development Data Hub. \nFile Location: Chapter 6.1\/Section 6.1\/Data. \nFiles: CEQPartB_deciledata_2024_march.dta","access_type":"Data is only available to World Bank staff for official Bank use, and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","license":"License Not Applicable (AMS 6.21A)","license_uri":"https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/int\/all-licenses?fragment=lna","uri":"https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/int\/search\/dataset\/0066952\/Fiscal-Incidence-Analysis-on-VAT-expenditures-microsimulations-for-Chapter-6-of-the-Prosperity-Subsidy-Report--P181180----Hooked-on-Subsidies--Rising-Fiscal-Costs-and-the-Imperative-for-Reform-","citation":"World Bank (2025). Fiscal Incidence Analysis for Chapter 6 of EFI Subsidy Report: Hooked on Subsidies: Rising Fiscal Costs and the Imperative for Reform."},{"name":"Simulation Results Dataset","note":"Data available to World Bank users on Development Data Hub. \nFile Location: Chapter 6.1\/Section 6.1b\/Data. \nFiles: simulation_results.xlsx","license":"License Not Applicable (AMS 6.21A)","license_uri":"https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/int\/all-licenses?fragment=lna","uri":"https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/int\/search\/dataset\/0066952\/Fiscal-Incidence-Analysis-on-VAT-expenditures-microsimulations-for-Chapter-6-of-the-Prosperity-Subsidy-Report--P181180----Hooked-on-Subsidies--Rising-Fiscal-Costs-and-the-Imperative-for-Reform-","citation":"World Bank (2025). Fiscal Incidence Analysis for Chapter 6 of EFI Subsidy Report: Hooked on Subsidies: Rising Fiscal Costs and the Imperative for Reform.","access_type":"Data is only available to World Bank staff for official Bank use, and it is not included in the reproducibility package."},{"name":"Agriculture Support Data","note":"Data were accessed in April 2024 and compiled by the authors. The dataset combines agricultural support and public expenditure data from OECD, Inter-American Development Bank, FAO\u2013MAFAP, and IFPRI. It is an updated version of earlier data developed for Repurposing Agricultural Policies and Support. The data include measures of market price support, producer support, general services support, and consumer support, with distinctions between coupled and decoupled subsidies. Further details on sources, variable definitions, country coverage, and construction methods are provided in the README. \n\nFile: Chapter 6.3\/Agriculture.xlsx","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","citation":"World Bank. 2024. Agriculture support data for \u201cHooked on Subsidies: Rising Fiscal Costs and the Imperative for Reform\u201d [dataset]. Compiled using data from OECD, Inter-American Development Bank, FAO\u2013MAFAP, and IFPRI. Accessed April 2024."},{"name":"Climate Policy Assessment Tool (CPAT) Dataset for Chapter 6 of the Prosperity Subsidy Report","note":"Data were accessed in August 2024. Data available to World Bank users on Development Data Hub. \nFile Location: Chapter 6.4. \nFiles: CPAT 1.0pre_358_SFR.xlsb; Multiscenario Tool 1.332_SFR.xlsb; FIGURE_6.11_REPLICATION.","license":"License Not Applicable (AMS 6.21A)","license_uri":"https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/int\/all-licenses?fragment=lna","uri":"https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/int\/search\/dataset\/0066906\/climate_policy_assessment_tool_cpat_dataset_for_chapter_6_of_the_prosperity_subsidy_report_p18118","citation":"Climate Policy Assessment Tool (CPAT) Dataset for Chapter 6 of the Prosperity Subsidy Report (P181180), The World Bank","access_type":"Data is only available to World Bank staff for official Bank use, and it is not included in the reproducibility package."},{"name":"Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene","note":"Latest data available is from 2022. Data manually assembled by the authors and includes country level Water and Sanitation Coverage. \nFiles: sheets \"JMP_Water\", \"JMP_WasteWater\", and \"JMP_Code\"  in Chapter 6.2\/Data_Cleaning\/00_CountryDataWithMasterKey.xlsx","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","uri":"https:\/\/washdata.org\/data","citation":"WHO\/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (JMP) [dataset] (2022)"},{"name":"Country and Equity Risk Premiums","note":"Data accessed in 2024. \nThe analysis uses the \u201cRisk Premiums for Other Markets\u201d file, specifically the \u201cctryprem\u201d Excel sheet, tab \u201cERPs by country,\u201d Column F (\u201cCountry Risk Premium\u201d). As the database is periodically updated, values may change over time; archived versions are available on the website under Data \u2192 Archived Data. \nFiles: sheet \"Damo_2024\" in Chapter 6.2\/Data_Cleaning\/00_CountryDataWithMasterKey.xlsx","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","uri":"https:\/\/pages.stern.nyu.edu\/~adamodar\/New_Home_Page\/dataarchived.html","citation":"Damodaran, A. (2024). Country Risk Premiums and Related Financial Data [dataset]."},{"name":"Marginal Value of Public Funds (MVPF) of Green Subsidies","uri":"https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/int\/data\/dataset\/0067038\/mvpf_of_green_subsidies","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0","license_uri":"https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/int\/public-licenses","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","note":"Data accessed in 2025. Author compiled dataset. \nFile location: Chapter 5.3. \nFiles: FTT Power - Results S1-2.xlsx; FTT Power - Results S3.xlsx; FTT Transport - Results S1.xlsx; FTT_countries.csv; MVPF_aggregation.xlsx\n","citation":"World Bank. 2025. Marginal Value of Public Funds (MVPF) of Green Subsidies. Accessed in 2025."},{"name":"IBNET Water Utility datasets","citation":"The World Bank Group. World Bank IBNET Water Utility datasets: KPIs from IBNET and NewIBNET 1994-2023. Washington, DC: World Bank. ","access_type":"Data is forthcoming in the World Bank Development Data Hub","note":"1. Data received in September 2024. Historical IBNET utility-level dataset covering years 1994\u20132022.\n   File: Chapter 6.2\/Data_Cleaning\/IBNET_2023.xlsx. \n\n2. Data received in September 2024. Updated IBNET utility dataset under the revised reporting system (2022\u20132024), including pilot phase data.\n   File: Chapter 6.2\/Data_Cleaning\/New_IBNET_2024.xlsx.\n\n3. Data received in September 2024. IBNET Key Performance Indicators dataset (including annual electrical and labor costs for utilities).\n   File: Chapter 6.2\/Data_Cleaning\/New_IBNET_KPI_2024.xlsx.\n\n4. Data received in September 2024. Extract of the IBNET global tariff database consolidating publicly available water and sanitation tariffs for benchmarking and comparison.\n   File: Chapter 6.2\/Final_Calculations\/IBNET_WaterTariff_Calculations_20241031.xlsx.\n\n5. Data received in November 2025. Regional tariff dataset prepared using 2022 IBNET data to generate Figure 6_6 in the report.\n   File: Chapter 6.2\/Tariffs data for Fig 6-6.xlsx.\n\n6. Data created by the project team in 2024. Master utility concordance file used to harmonize utility identifiers and variable names across different IBNET rounds.\n   File: Chapter 6.2\/Data_Cleaning\/IBNET_Utility_MasterFile.xlsx.\n\n\n\n"}],"technology_requirements":"Run time: ~ 5 hours","technology_environment":"Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:\n\u2022 OS: Windows 11 Enterprise\n\u2022 Processor: Intel(R) Xeon(R) Gold 6226R CPU @ 2.90GHz (2.90 GHz) (2 processors)\n\u2022 Memory available: 16.0 GB","reproduction_instructions":"The report is organized into **8 standalone chapter folders**. Each chapter contains its own **README, data, and code**.\n\nA general README is included at the top level of the repository. It provides a high-level overview of the report, indicates which software is used in each chapter, and lists all datasets used across the report.\n\nTo reproduce results for a specific chapter:\n\n1. Open the relevant chapter folder.  \n2. Read the chapter-specific README.  \n3. Obtain any required restricted datasets (see Dataset section) and place them in the appropriate folders.  \n4. Recreate the software environment as required (Ado files, `renv`, and `environment` files are included) and update file paths in the main script if needed.  \n5. Run the main script or follow the instructions provided for that chapter.\n\nChapters use Stata, R, Python, and\/or Excel. Refer to the chapter README for software-specific details."},"datacite":{"creators":[{"givenName":"World","familyName":"Bank","nameType":"Affiliation","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank"}]}],"titles":[{"lang":"en","title":"Reproducibility package for Hooked on Subsidies: The Case for Reform"},{"title":"FR_WLD_2025_464","titleType":"Other"}],"publisher":"World Bank","publicationYear":"2026","types":{"resourceType":"Reproducibility package","resourceTypeGeneral":"Other"},"url":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org\/index.php\/catalog\/study\/FR_WLD_2025_464","language":"en"},"tags":[{"tag":"DOI"},{"tag":"Limited-access Data"},{"tag":"Open Code"}],"schematype":"script"}