{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","abbr":"DECDI","affiliation":"World Bank - Development Impact Department","role":"Verification and preparation of metadata"}],"prod_date":"2026-03-16","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"authoring_entity":[{"name":"Talip Kilic","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"tkilic@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Thomas Daum","affiliation":"University of Gothenburg","email":"thomas.daum@gu.se"},{"name":"Gayatri Koolwal","affiliation":"Independent Consultant","email":"koolwalg@devscience.org"},{"name":"Greg Seymour","affiliation":"U.S. Census Bureau","email":"gregory.t.seymour@census.gov"},{"name":"Wilbert Drazi Vundru","affiliation":"Independent Consultant","email":"wvundru@worldbank.org"}],"title_statement":{"title":"Reproducibility package for Moving Beyond Time Poverty: Measuring Women\u2019s And Men\u2019s Time-Use Agency","idno":"RR_MWI_2026_542"},"data_statement":"All data is not yet publicly available, but is expected to be made available through the World Bank Microdata Library in the future.","software":[{"name":"Stata","version":"19.0 MP"}],"scripts":[{"title":"Reproducibility package for Moving Beyond Time Poverty: Measuring Women\u2019s And Men\u2019s Time-Use Agency","date":"2026-03","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank.","instructions":"See README in reproducibility package.","file_name":"RR_MWI_2026_542","zip_package":"RR_MWI_2026_542.zip","dependencies":"Stata dependencies are listed in the ado folder."}],"repository_uri":[{"name":"Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank)","uri":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org"}],"production_date":"2026-03-16","abstract":"Economic research on time use has traditionally focused on the total time individuals spend across different activities.  However, less is known about time-use agency, or the ability to make strategic choices on allocating one\u2019s time.  We present findings from a novel, representative time use study in Malawi, where men\u2019s and women\u2019s self-reported time use \u2014 collected continuously via a pictorial smartphone app \u2014 was complemented with a new interview-based time-use agency survey module to quantitatively measure their ability to flexibly reallocate their time.  As measured in the time-use agency module, women were 20 percentage points more likely than men to report inflexibility on being able to adjust the timing of activities across agriculture, unpaid domestic work, transport, leisure and personal care.  We also show that this inflexibility has a distinct and significant association with a range of employment and wellbeing outcomes, beyond overall time spent in paid and unpaid work.","geographic_units":[{"name":"Malawi","code":"MWI"}],"keywords":[{"name":"Time-Use Agency"},{"name":"Flexibility"},{"name":"Gender"},{"name":"Wellbeing"},{"name":"Household Surveys"},{"name":"Smartphone Data Collection"},{"name":"Malawi"}],"topics":[{"id":"J22","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Time Allocation and Labor Supply","parent_id":"J2"},{"id":" J16","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Economics of Gender \u2022 Non-labor Discrimination","parent_id":"J1"},{"id":" C83","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Survey Methods \u2022 Sampling Methods","parent_id":"C8"},{"id":" I31","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"General Welfare, Well-Being  ","parent_id":"I3"}],"output":[{"type":"Working Paper","description":"Policy Research Working Papers (PRWP)","title":"Moving Beyond Time Poverty: Measuring Women\u2019s And Men\u2019s Time-Use Agency"}],"language":[{"name":"English","code":"EN"}],"technology_requirements":"Run time: 5 minutes","disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","license":[{"name":"Modified BSD3","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/bsd-3-clause\/"}],"contacts":[{"name":"Talip Kilic","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"tkilic@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org"}],"datasets":[{"name":"Smartphone Time Use Survey Data","note":"Primary survey data was collected by the research team between July 2022 and March 2023. Comprises 14 files covering smartphone raw data, agency raw data, and survey modules A through K2. \nFile location: Smartphone raw.dta; Agency raw.dta; Module A.dta; Module B-Indiv.dta; Module B.dta; Module C.dta; Module D-Indiv.dta; Module D.dta; Module E1-Indiv.dta; Module E2aIndiv.dta; Module E3-Indiv.dta; Module F-Indiv.dta; Module G-Indiv.dta; Module K2.dta. To request access, contact tkilic@worldbank.org.","citation":"World Bank. (n.d). \"Smartphone Time Use Survey Data\" [dataset]. [Forthcoming].","access_type":"Data is forthcoming in the World Bank Microdata Library.","license":"Licensed ","license_uri":"https:\/\/microdata.worldbank.org\/terms-of-use#licensed"}],"reproduction_instructions":"To reproduce the findings in this paper, a new user should do the following:\n\n1. Once the data becomes available, request access to the data and place it in the appropriate folder.\n2. Change the top-level directory in the `MASTER` do-file and run the code.\n\n**Note:** Since the data is not included in the package and is not yet publicly available, the outputs created by the replicators can be found in the package so users can verify them against the published paper.\n\n","technology_environment":"Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:\n\u2022 OS: Windows 11 Enterprise\n\u2022 Processor: Intel(R) Core(TM) Ultra 5 125U 1.30 GHz\n\u2022 Memory available: 15.5 GB"},"tags":[{"tag":"DOI"},{"tag":"Limited-access data"},{"tag":"Open Code"}],"schematype":"script"}