{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","abbr":"DECDI","affiliation":"World Bank - Development Impact Department","role":"Verification and preparation of metadata"}],"prod_date":"2026-03-18","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"authoring_entity":[{"name":"Jane Park","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"jpark16@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Steven Louis Rubinyi","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"srubinyi@worldbank.org"}],"title_statement":{"title":"Reproducibility package for Urban Heat, Mortality, And Economic Costs: Evidence From Bangkok, Thailand","idno":"RR_THA_2026_594"},"data_statement":"Some data is restricted and has not been included in the reproducibility package. For more details, please refer to the README file.","software":[{"name":"R","version":"4.5.2"},{"name":"Stata","version":"19.0 MP"},{"name":"Excel","version":"2512"}],"scripts":[{"title":"Reproducibility package for Urban Heat, Mortality, And Economic Costs: Evidence From Bangkok, Thailand","date":"2026-03","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank.","instructions":"See README in reproducibility package.","file_name":"RR_THA_2026_594","zip_package":"RR_THA_2026_594.zip","dependencies":"R dependencies are listed in the file renv.lock. Stata dependencies are listed in the ado folder."}],"repository_uri":[{"name":"Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank)","uri":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org"}],"production_date":"2026-03-18","abstract":"Background: Urban heat is an increasingly important public health risk, yet empirical evidence on its health and economic impacts remains limited, particularly for rapidly growing tropical megacities. This study aims to provide an operational basis for urban planning and investment decisions by quantifying heat-induced health burdens across Bangkok\u2019s 50 amphurs and the associated citywide economic costs.\nMethods: This study translates heat exposure into excess deaths at the amphur level by employing a city-specific temperature-mortality relationship established by Denpetkul and Phosri (2021) along with data on population and mortality. It then converts the number of excess deaths to monetary terms based on the Value of Statistical Life (VSL) estimated by Witvorapong and Komonpaisarn (2019).\nResults: On average, an estimated 593 deaths per year were attributable to higher-than-optimal temperatures during 2016\u20132018, amounting to 1,778 deaths over the three-year period, with substantial variation across amphurs and months. This represents a significant public health burden, comparable in magnitude to road traffic fatalities in Bangkok, which claimed 614 lives in 2021. In monetary terms, heat-related excess mortality is estimated to account for 0.1\u20130.7 percent of Bangkok\u2019s gross provincial product during 2016\u20132018 (7.76\u201346.97 billion baht in current prices), exceeding the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration\u2019s public health budget in 2020 (6.733 billion baht).\nConclusions: Heat exposure in Bangkok is associated with substantial public health impacts and economically meaningful welfare losses. The pronounced spatial and temporal heterogeneity in estimated impacts underscores the importance of place-specific interventions and prioritization of higher-risk amphurs. Quantifying heat-related impacts in monetary terms can support more robust cost\u2013benefit analysis and inform evidence-based urban planning and investment decisions for heat mitigation and adaptation.","geographic_units":[{"name":"Thailand","code":"THA"}],"keywords":[{"name":"Nonoptimal Temperature"},{"name":"Urban Heat"},{"name":"Excess Mortality"},{"name":"Value Of Statistical Life"}],"topics":[{"id":"Q54","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Climate \u2022 Natural Disasters and Their Management \u2022 Global Warming","parent_id":"Q5"},{"id":" I12","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Health Behavior","parent_id":"I1"},{"id":" R11","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, Environmental Issues, and Changes","parent_id":"R1"},{"id":" Q51","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Valuation of Environmental Effects","parent_id":"Q5"}],"output":[{"type":"Working Paper","description":"Policy Research Working Papers (PRWP)","title":"Urban Heat, Mortality, And Economic Costs: Evidence From Bangkok, Thailand"}],"language":[{"name":"English","code":"EN"}],"technology_requirements":"Run time: ~ 5 minutes","disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","license":[{"name":"Modified BSD3","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/bsd-3-clause\/"}],"contacts":[{"name":"Jane Park","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"jpark16@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org"}],"technology_environment":"Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:\n\u2022 OS: Windows 11 Enterprise\n\u2022 Processor: INTEL(R) XEON(R) PLATINUM 8562Y+   2.80 GHz  (4 processors)\n\u2022 Memory available: 32 GB","reproduction_instructions":"To reproduce the findings in this paper, a replicator must:\n1. **Secure Access to Data:** Access the datasets not included in the package. See subsection Datasets for more details.\n2. **Download and Place Data:** Once the data is accessed, users should place it in the appropriate folder.\n3. **Run the Package:** After placing the data in the folder:\n       - Open the R project \"(EAP_THA_BKK_Heat_Package.Rproj)\". Restore the environment by running renv::restore() and following the promtps. Run the R script \"eap_tha_bkk_heat_temperature\".\n       - Update the global in line 8 in the do-file \"eap_tha_bkk_heat_analysis\" and run the do-file.\n\nSince all the data is not included, the package includes the results produced by replicators. These files can be used to review the results presented in the paper. ","datasets":[{"name":"Annual mortality for Bangkok by Amphur","note":"Data points for years from 2016 to 2018 (2559 to 2561 based on the Thai calendar) were extracted from the raw data containing years from 1998 to 2023 (2541 to 2566). \nVariable included: Demographic indicators = Number of deaths; Sex = Total; Region = Bangkok; Province = Krung Thep Maha Nakhon (Bangkok); Frequency = Annual; Amphor = 50 items.\nFiles: Data\/Raw\/ 02eap_tha_bkk_amp_annual_deaths.xlsx \n","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.\n","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0\u00a0(G1)","license_uri":"https:\/\/osstat.nso.go.th\/rights_and_permissions.php","uri":"https:\/\/stathub.nso.go.th\/vis?pg=0&snb=14&vw=tb&df[ds]=ds-stathub-release&df[id]=DF_01POP_BD&df[ag]=TNSO&df[vs]=1.1&dq=DEM_IND16..TH1..._T.A.&pd=2541%2C2566&to[TIME_PERIOD]=false&lc=en&ly[cl]=TIME_PERIOD&ly[rs]=CWT%2CAMP&ly[rw]=SEX","citation":"National Statistical Office (Thailand). Annual mortality for Bangkok by Amphur, 2016\u20132018. Retrieved from https:\/\/stathub.nso.go.th\/\n"},{"name":"Annual population for Bangkok by Amphur","note":"Data points for years from 2016 to 2018 (2559 to 2561 based on the Thai calendar) were extracted from the raw data containing years from 2010 to 2022 (2553 to 2565).\nDemographic indicators = Population from registration; Region = Bangkok; Province = Krung Thep Maha Nakhon (Bangkok); Frequency = Annual\nFile name: Data\/Raw\/ 03eap_tha_bkk_amp_annual_pop.xlsx\t\n","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0\u00a0(G1)","license_uri":"https:\/\/osstat.nso.go.th\/rights_and_permissions.php","uri":"https:\/\/stathub.nso.go.th\/vis?lc=en&fs[0]=Province%2C0%7CKrung%20Thep%20Maha%20Nakhon%20%28Bangkok%29%2310%23&fs[1]=Demographic%20indicators%2C0%7CPopulation%20from%20registration%23DEM_IND24%23&pg=0&fc=Age&snb=1&vw=tb&df[ds]=ds-stathub-release&df[id]=DF_01POP_REG_AGE&df[ag]=TNSO&df[vs]=1.1&dq=.DEM_IND24._T._T..10.11001%2B11002%2B11003%2B11004%2B11005%2B11006%2B11007%2B11008%2B11009%2B11010%2B11011%2B11012%2B11013%2B11014%2B11015%2B11016%2B11017%2B11018%2B11019%2B11020%2B11021%2B11022%2B11023%2B11024%2B11025%2B11026%2B11027%2B11028%2B11029%2B11030%2B11031%2B11032%2B11033%2B11034%2B11036%2B11037%2B11038%2B11039%2B11040%2B11041%2B11042%2B11043%2B11044%2B11045%2B11046%2B11047%2B11048%2B11049%2B11050%2B21101%2B21102%2B21103%2B21104%2B75002._T..A&pd=2553%2C2565&to[TIME_PERIOD]=false&ly[cl]=TIME_PERIOD&ly[rw]=AMP","citation":"National Statistical Office (Thailand) . Annual population for Bangkok by Amphur, 2016\u20132018. Retrieved from https:\/\/stathub.nso.go.th\/"},{"name":"Monthly mortality for Thailand (January 2016\u2013December 2018)","note":"Data extracted from Page 41 (PDF page 52)  from the report linked below. \nFile name: Data\/Raw\/01eap_tha_month_deaths.xlsx\n","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.\n","uri":"https:\/\/spd.moph.go.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Hstatistics2563.pdf ","citation":"Ministry of Public Health (Thailand). Monthly mortality for Thailand, January 2016\u2013December 2018. Retrieved from the report The Public Health Statistics A.D. 2020: https:\/\/spd.moph.go.th\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Hstatistics2563.pdf\n"},{"name":" Value of Statistical Life (2011)","note":"Value of Statistical Life, directly taken from the article; \"The Value of a Statistical Life in Thailand: Evidence from the Labour Market\". \nFile name: Data\/Raw\/04eap_tha_bkk_vsl.xlsx\n","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.\n","uri":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10603-019-09431-2","license_uri":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/termsandconditions#terms-of-use","citation":"Witvorapong, N., & Komonpaisarn, T. (2020). \u201cThe Value of a Statistical Life in Thailand: Evidence from the Labour Market.\u201d Journal of Consumer Policy 43: 491\u2013518\n"},{"name":"Consumer Price Index US City Average","note":"Manually recorded based on the source data. Variable: Avg for 2011, 2016, 2017, and 2018.\nFile name: Data\/Raw\/04eap_tha_bkk_vsl.xlsx\n\n","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.\n","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/bls\/linksite.htm","uri":"https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/regions\/northeast\/data\/consumerpriceindex_us_table.htm","citation":"US Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2018. \"Consumer Price Index US City Average (1982-84 = 100)\" [dataset]. https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/regions\/northeast\/data\/consumerpriceindex_us_table.htm.\n"},{"name":"Thai Baht to U.S. Dollar Spot Exchange Rate","note":"Manually recorded based on the source data. Data accessed for 2016\u20132018\nFile name: Data\/Raw\/04eap_tha_bkk_vsl.xlsx\"\n","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.\n","license_uri":"https:\/\/fred.stlouisfed.org\/legal\/","uri":"https:\/\/fred.stlouisfed.org\/series\/AEXTHUS","citation":"Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (US), Thai Baht to U.S. Dollar Spot Exchange Rate [AEXTHUS], retrieved from FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis; https:\/\/fred.stlouisfed.org\/series\/AEXTHUS\n"},{"name":"Thailand - Subnational Administrative Boundaries","note":"Boundaries for Bangkok\u2019s 50 amphurs were extracted from Thailand\u2019s level-2 administrative boundaries. \nFile name: Data\/Shape\/ tha_admbnda_adm2_rtsd_20220121_bkk.shp\"\n","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.\n","license":"Creative Commons Attribution for Intergovernmental Organisations (CC BY-IGO)","license_uri":"https:\/\/data.humdata.org\/faqs\/licenses","uri":"https:\/\/data.humdata.org\/dataset\/cod-ab-tha","citation":"The Humanitarian Data Exchange. \"Thailand - Subnational Administrative Boundaries\" [dataset]. https:\/\/data.humdata.org\/dataset\/cod-ab-tha. \n"},{"name":" Relative risk of mortality","note":"Acquired through authors\u2019 request for data sharing. Dr. Arthit Phosri can be contacted at arthit.pho@mahidol.ac.th.\nFile name: Data\/Raw\/ 05eap_tha_bkk_rr_raw.dta\n","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners\/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.\n","citation":"Denpetkul, T. & Phosri, A. (2021). \" Daily ambient temperature and mortality in Thailand: Estimated effects, attributable risks, and effect modifications by greenness\". Science of The Total Environment 791: 148373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.148373. \n"},{"name":"Monthly maximum and minimum temperatures for Bangkok by amphur (2011\u20132020)","note":"Data was accessed using the R script \"eap_tha_bkk_heat_temperature\" on August 20, 2024. Note that TerraClimate updates data periodically. Hence, replicators may obtain slightly different temperature values depending on the timing of code running. \nFile names: Data\/Raw\/ 06eap_tha_bkk_month_tmax_terraclimate.csv;  Data\/Raw\/ 06eap_tha_bkk_month_tmin_terraclimate.csv\n","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.\n","license":"CC0 1.0 Universal","license_uri":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/","uri":"https:\/\/www.climatologylab.org\/terraclimate.html","citation":"Climatology Lab. \"Monthly maximum and minimum temperatures for Bangkok by amphur, 2011\u20132020\" [dataset]. https:\/\/www.climatologylab.org\/terraclimate.\n"}]},"tags":[{"tag":"DOI"},{"tag":"Open Code"},{"tag":"Restricted Data"}],"schematype":"script"}