{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","abbr":"DECDI","affiliation":"World Bank - Development Impact Department","role":"Verification and preparation of metadata"}],"prod_date":"2026-03-31","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"authoring_entity":[{"name":"Jed Friedman","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"jfriedman@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Nishant Yonzan","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"nyonzan@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Benoit Decerf","affiliation":"University of Namur","email":"benoit.decerf@unamur.be"},{"name":"Arthur Galego Mendes","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"agalegomendes@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Steven Michael Pennings","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"spennings@worldbank.org"}],"title_statement":{"title":"Reproducibility package for Lives, Livelihoods, And Learning: A Global Perspective On The Well-Being Impacts Of The Covid-19 Pandemic","idno":"PP_WLD_2026_599"},"data_statement":"All data sources are publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","software":[{"name":"Stata","version":"19.0 MP"}],"scripts":[{"title":"Reproducibility package for Lives, Livelihoods, And Learning: A Global Perspective On The Well-Being Impacts Of The Covid-19 Pandemic","date":"2026-03","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank. This reproducibility package corresponds to the journal article version of the paper. A separate reproducibility package for the working paper version is available and can be accessed here: https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org\/catalog\/116","instructions":"See README in reproducibility package.","file_name":"PP_WLD_2026_599","zip_package":"PP_WLD_2026_599.zip","dependencies":"Stata dependencies are listed in the ado folder."}],"repository_uri":[{"name":"Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank)","uri":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org"}],"production_date":"2026-03-31","abstract":"This study develops a common framework to compare the magnitude of national level losses that the COVID-19 pandemic inflicted across three critical dimensions \u2013 loss of life, loss of income, and loss of learning \u2013 and then explores the global distribution of such losses. To help inform public discussions, the well-being consequences of excess mortality are expressed in years of life lost, while those of income losses and school closures are expressed in additional person-years spent in poverty, either currently or in the future (due to lower growth). While 2020\u201321 witnessed a global drop in life expectancy and the largest one-year increase in global poverty in many decades, widespread school closures may cause almost twice as large an increase in future poverty. The estimates of well-being loss for the average global citizen include a loss of 8 days of life, an additional two and half weeks spent in poverty in 2020 and 2021 (17 days), and the possibility of an additional month of life in poverty in the future due to school closures (31 days). The distribution of pandemic costs was highly unequal globally. While aggregating total losses requires the valuation of a year of life lost vis-\u00e0-vis an additional year spent in poverty, high-income countries experienced the lowest well-being losses for a wide range of valuations. Aggregate losses were much higher among lower-income countries, especially countries in the Latin America region who suffered the largest mortality costs as well as large losses in learning and sharp increases in poverty.","geographic_units":[{"name":"World","code":"WLD"}],"keywords":[{"name":"Covid-19"},{"name":"Welfare"},{"name":"Poverty"},{"name":"Mortality"},{"name":"Learning"}],"topics":[{"id":"D63","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement","parent_id":"D6"},{"id":" I15","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Health and Economic Development","parent_id":"I1"},{"id":" I31","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"General Welfare, Well-Being  ","parent_id":"I3"},{"id":" I32","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Measurement and Analysis of Poverty","parent_id":"I3"},{"id":" I25","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Education and Economic Development","parent_id":"I2"},{"id":"O15","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":" Economic Development: Human Resources; Human Development; Income Distribution; Migration ","url":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","parent_id":"O1","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel"}],"output":[{"type":"Journal Article","description":"Journal Articles","title":"Lives, Livelihoods, And Learning: A Global Perspective On The Well-Being Impacts Of The Covid-19 Pandemic"}],"language":[{"name":"English","code":"EN"}],"technology_requirements":"Run time: ~ 8 minutes","disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","license":[{"name":"Modified BSD3","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/bsd-3-clause\/"}],"contacts":[{"name":"Jed Friedman","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"jfriedman@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org"}],"datasets":[{"name":"World Bank Income Classification","note":"Dataset accessed in November 2023. File location: 02-InputData\/CLASS_historical.dta.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/about\/legal\/terms-of-use-for-datasets","uri":"https:\/\/github.com\/GPID-WB\/Class\/tree\/master\/OutputData","citation":"World Bank. 2023. \"World Bank Income Classification\" [dataset]. https:\/\/github.com\/GPID-WB\/Class\/tree\/master\/OutputData. Accessed November 2023."},{"name":"Estimates of Excess Mortality Associated With COVID-19 Pandemic","note":"Data accessed in May 2022. File location: 02-InputData\/Excess deaths WHO.xlsx.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Intergovernmental Organization (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO)","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.who.int\/about\/policies\/publishing\/copyright","uri":"https:\/\/www.who.int\/data\/sets\/global-excess-deaths-associated-with-covid-19-modelled-estimates","citation":"World Health Organization. 2022. \"Estimates of Excess Mortality Associated With COVID-19 Pandemic\" [dataset]. https:\/\/www.who.int\/data\/sets\/global-excess-deaths-associated-with-covid-19-modelled-estimates. Accessed May 2022."},{"name":"Binned Global Distribution","note":"Data accessed in October 2023. Data was prepared using the do-files linked in the repository (https:\/\/github.com\/worldbank\/covid-impact-on-inequality-and-poverty\/tree\/main). Version: 20230919_2017_01_02_PROD. See additional details in the README. File location: 02-InputData\/GlobalDist_1000bins_2019-2023_sep23.dta.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0)","license_uri":"https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/int\/public-licenses?fragment=cc","citation":"Mahler, Daniel Gerszon; Yonzan, Nishant; Lakner, Christoph. 2022. \"The Impact of COVID-19 on Global Inequality and Poverty\" [dataset]. Policy Research Working Paper 10198. World Bank. https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/entities\/publication\/54fae299-8800-585f-9f18-a42514f8d83b."},{"name":"World Development Indicators","note":"Data accessed in September 2023 and March 2026. See additional details in the README. File locations: 02-InputData\/WDIEXCEL_extracted0923.csv; wbopendata_pop.dta.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/about\/legal\/terms-of-use-for-datasets","uri":"https:\/\/datatopics.worldbank.org\/world-development-indicators\/","citation":"World Bank. 2023. \"World Development Indicators\" [dataset]. https:\/\/datatopics.worldbank.org\/world-development-indicators\/. Accessed September 2023."},{"name":"World Economic Outlook","note":"Data accessed in October 2022. File location: 02-InputData\/WEOOct2022all.xls.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/About\/copyright-and-terms","uri":"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/Publications\/WEO\/weo-database\/2022\/October\/download-entire-database","citation":"IMF. 2022. \"World Economic Outlook Database\" [dataset]. https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/Publications\/WEO\/weo-database\/2022\/October\/download-entire-database. Accessed October 2022."},{"name":"Global Distribution of Income During COVID (Version September 2023)","note":"Data accessed in October 2023. File location: 02-InputData\/GlobalDist_1000bins_MYLseptember23_limitedvars.dta. PIP version 20230919_2017_01_02_PROD.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0)","license_uri":"https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/int\/public-licenses?fragment=cc","uri":"https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/search\/dataset\/0067062\/global_distribution_of_income_during_covid_version_september_2023","citation":"Mahler, Daniel Gerszon; Yonzan, Nishant; Lakner, Christoph. 2022. \"Global Distribution of Income During COVID\" [dataset]. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 10198. http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10986\/38114."},{"name":"Growth Decomposition Inputs Dataset","note":"Authors' compilation assembled from multiple sources into a composite workbook. Sources by variable: (1) Labor share, initial capital-to-GDP ratio, depreciation rate, and TFP: Penn World Table 10.01 (https:\/\/www.rug.nl\/ggdc\/productivity\/pwt\/?lang=en); (2) Investment: World Economic Outlook, October 2022 (https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/Publications\/WEO\/Issues\/2022\/10\/11\/world-economic-outlook-october-2022); (3) Years of school, quality, and LAYS: World Bank's Human Capital Project (https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/publication\/human-capital); (4) Agriculture share: National Accounts Data, UN Statistical Division (http:\/\/data.un.org\/Explorer.aspx?d=SNAAMA); (5) Population data: UN World Population Prospects (https:\/\/population.un.org\/wpp\/); (6) GDP per capita and labor force participation: World Bank World Development Indicators (https:\/\/datatopics.worldbank.org\/world-development-indicators\/); (7) School closures: UNESCO Global Monitoring of School Closures Caused by the COVID-19 Pandemic (https:\/\/covid19.uis.unesco.org\/global-monitoring-school-closures-covid19\/). Files: 02-InputData\/OUTPUT_default_nolinks_31March2023.xlsx.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","citation":"Authors' compilation. 2026. Growth Decomposition Inputs Dataset [dataset]. Based on Penn World Table 10.01; World Economic Outlook (October 2022, IMF); World Bank Human Capital Project; Barro-Lee Educational Attainment Database; UN Statistical Division National Accounts Data; UN World Population Prospects; World Bank World Development Indicators; and UNESCO Global Monitoring of School Closures Caused by the COVID-19 Pandemic."},{"name":"Global Monitoring of School Closures and Human Capital Index","note":"Authors' compilation using two indicators: (1) years of school closures during COVID-19, sourced from UNESCO's Global Monitoring of School Closures Caused by the COVID-19 Pandemic (https:\/\/covid19.uis.unesco.org\/global-monitoring-school-closures-covid19\/); (2) quality of education, sourced from the World Bank's Human Capital Project (https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/publication\/human-capital). File location: 02-InputData\/STATA_appF1.xlsx.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","uri":"https:\/\/covid19.uis.unesco.org\/global-monitoring-school-closures-covid19\/","citation":"Authors' compilation. 2026. Global Monitoring of School Closures and Human Capital Index [dataset]. Based on UNESCO's Global Monitoring of School Closures Caused by the COVID-19 Pandemic and the World Bank's Human Capital Project."},{"name":"World Population Prospects 2024","note":"Data accessed in April 2024. File location: 02-InputData\/UN_LifeTables_2019.dta.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO (CC BY 3.0 IGO)","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/about-us\/terms-of-use","uri":"https:\/\/population.un.org\/wpp\/Download\/Standard\/Mortality\/","citation":"United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. 2024. \"World Population Prospects 2024\" [dataset]. https:\/\/population.un.org\/wpp\/Download\/Standard\/Mortality\/. Accessed April 2024."}],"technology_environment":"Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:\n\u2022 OS: Windows 11 Enterprise\n\u2022 Processor: Intel(R) Xeon(R) Gold 5218 CPU @ 2.30GHz (2.30 GHz) (2 processors)\n\u2022 Memory available: 16.0 GB","reproduction_instructions":"Update the working directory in line 23 of \"00-Master\" do-file and run the code to reproduce the results. "},"datacite":{"creators":[{"givenName":"Jed","familyName":"Friedman","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank"}]},{"givenName":"Nishant","familyName":"Yonzan","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank"}]},{"givenName":"Benoit","familyName":"Decerf","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Namur"}]},{"givenName":"Arthur Galego","familyName":"Mendes","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank"}]},{"givenName":"Steven Michael","familyName":"Pennings","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank"}]}],"titles":[{"lang":"en","title":"Reproducibility package for Lives, Livelihoods, And Learning: A Global Perspective On The Well-Being Impacts Of The Covid-19 Pandemic"},{"title":"PP_WLD_2026_599","titleType":"Other"}],"publisher":"World Bank","publicationYear":"2026","types":{"resourceType":"Reproducibility package","resourceTypeGeneral":"Other"},"url":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org\/index.php\/catalog\/study\/PP_WLD_2026_599","language":"en"},"tags":[{"tag":"DOI"},{"tag":"Open Code"},{"tag":"Open Data"}],"schematype":"script"}