{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","abbr":"DECDI","affiliation":"World Bank - Development Impact Department","role":"Verification and preparation of metadata"}],"prod_date":"2026-03-27","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"authoring_entity":[{"name":"Nadege D Yameogo","affiliation":"WBG- Knowledge Bank","email":"nyameogo@ifc.org"},{"name":"Kouakou Constant Ouattara","affiliation":"University of Toulon","email":"momoouattara81@yahoo.fr"},{"name":"C\u00e9cile Bastidon","affiliation":"University of Toulon","email":"cecile.bastidon-gilles@univ-tln.fr"}],"title_statement":{"title":"Reproducibility package for Impact of the Diaspora and Institutional Environment on FDI Inflows to the ECOWAS Region","idno":"RR_SSA_2026_589"},"data_statement":"All data sources are publicly available and included in the reproducibility package. For more details, refer to the README file.\n","software":[{"name":"Stata","version":"19.5"}],"scripts":[{"title":"Reproducibility package for Impact Of The Diaspora And Institutional Environment On FDI Inflows To The Ecowas Region","date":"2026-03","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank.","instructions":"See README in reproducibility package.","file_name":"RR_SSA_2026_589","zip_package":"RR_SSA_2026_589.zip","dependencies":"Stata dependencies are listed in the ado folder."}],"repository_uri":[{"name":"Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank)","uri":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org"}],"production_date":"2026-03-27","abstract":"This study examines how diaspora communities affect foreign direct investment (FDI) flowing into ECOWAS countries. We use data on international migration to represent the size of the diaspora and estimate their savings using the method from Ratha and Mohapatra (2011). Our analysis covers 14 ECOWAS countries from 2005 to 2020, using system GMM and FGLS methods. The research finds that diaspora members living in Europe help bring in more FDI to their home countries, while diaspora in Asia have a smaller and sector-specific effect, helping attract FDI in extractive industries. Diaspora in North America has little impact, and migration within Africa does not significantly affect FDI. Importantly, strong home country institutions\u2014like good governance, anti-corruption efforts, and political stability\u2014make the positive effects of the diaspora even greater. The study also finds that former British colonies attract more FDI than former French or Portuguese colonies, likely because of stronger property rights under common law systems. Although most FDI continues to target the extractive sector, the study underscores the importance of strengthening institutions and implementing targeted policies in countries of origin. These measures can help harness the potential of diaspora networks to boost investment, particularly in sectors beyond natural resources where transformation can take place.","geographic_units":[{"name":"Sub-Saharan Africa","code":"SSA"}],"keywords":[{"name":"Diaspora"},{"name":"Migrants"},{"name":"Diaspora Savings"},{"name":"Institutions"},{"name":"Foreign Direct Investment"},{"name":"Africa"},{"name":"Economic Community Of West African States"}],"topics":[{"id":"E02","vocabulary":"JEL Classifications","name":" Institutions and the Macroeconomy ","url":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","parent_id":"E0"},{"id":"F21","vocabulary":"JEL Classifications","name":" International Investment; Long-term Capital Movements ","url":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","parent_id":"F2"},{"id":"O11","vocabulary":"JEL Classifications","name":" Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development ","url":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","parent_id":"O1"}],"output":[{"type":"Working Paper","description":"Policy Research Working Papers (PRWP)","title":"Impact of the Diaspora and Institutional Environment on FDI Inflows to the ECOWAS Region","authors":"Kouakou Constant Ouattara, C\u00e9cile Bastidon, and Nad\u00e8ge D\u00e9sir\u00e9e Yameogo "}],"language":[{"name":"English","code":"EN"}],"disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","license":[{"name":"Modified BSD3","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/bsd-3-clause\/"}],"contacts":[{"name":"Nadege D Yameogo","affiliation":"WBG- Knowledge Bank","email":"nyameogo@ifc.org"},{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org"}],"datasets":[{"name":"World Development Indicators","note":"Source: World Bank's World Development Indicators. \nThe data used in this study were constructed from publicly available indicators. The following indicators were retrieved and manually compiled by the authors to produce the original dataset used in this study (stored in Data\/Database ECOWAS):\nIndicators used: CPIA transparency, accountability, and corruption in the public sector rating (1=low to 6=high) | URL: https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/IQ.CPA.TRAN.XQ\nTotal natural resources rents (% of GDP) | URL: https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/NY.GDP.TOTL.RT.ZS\nLife expectancy at birth, total (years) | URL: https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SP.DYN.LE00.IN\nGDP per capita (constant 2015 US$) | URL: https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/NY.GDP.PCAP.KD\nLabor force, total | URL: https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SL.TLF.TOTL.IN\nPopulation ages 0-14, total | URL: https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SP.POP.0014.TO\nPopulation ages 65 and above, total | URL: https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SP.POP.65UP.TO\nGDP (constant 2015 US$) | URL: https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD\nPopulation, total | URL: https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SP.POP.TOTL\nAgriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added (% of GDP) | URL: https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/NV.AGR.TOTL.ZS\nManufacturing, value added (% of GDP) | URL: https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/NV.IND.MANF.ZS\nServices, value added (% of GDP) | URL: https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/NV.SRV.TOTL.ZS","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package. ","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0)","license_uri":"https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/int\/public-licenses#cc-by","uri":"https:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/source\/world-development-indicators","citation":"World Bank. (2023). World Development Indicators [Dataset]. World Bank. Available at https:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/source\/world-development-indicators"},{"name":"Worldwide Governance Indicators","note":"Source: World Bank's Worldwide Governance Indicators. \nThe data used in this study were constructed from publicly available indicators. The following indicators were retrieved and manually compiled by the authors to produce the original dataset used in this study (stored in Data\/Database ECOWAS):\nIndicators used: Political Stability and Absence of Violence\/Terrorism: Percentile Rank | URL: https:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/source\/worldwide-governance-indicators","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","uri":"https:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/source\/worldwide-governance-indicators","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0)","license_uri":"https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/int\/public-licenses#cc-by","citation":"World Bank. (2023). Worldwide Governance Indicators [Dataset]. World Bank. Available at https:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/source\/worldwide-governance-indicators"},{"access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Creative Commons license (CC BY 3.0 IGO)","license_uri":" http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/igo\/","name":"International Migrant Stock 2020","note":"Source: UNDESA. The data used in this study were constructed from publicly available indicators. The following indicators were retrieved and manually compiled by the authors to produce the original dataset used in this study (stored in Data\/Database ECOWAS):\nIndicators used: \nInternational Migrant Stock 2020: Destination and origin (used for diaspora size) | URL: https:\/\/www.un.org\/development\/desa\/pd\/content\/international-migrant-stock\nInternational Migrant Stock 2020: Destination and origin (used for diaspora savings estimation, Ratha & Mohapatra 2011 method) | URL: https:\/\/www.un.org\/development\/desa\/pd\/content\/international-migrant-stock","uri":"https:\/\/www.un.org\/development\/desa\/pd\/content\/international-migrant-stock","citation":"United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. (2023).  International Migrant Stock 2020 [Dataset]. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Available at https:\/\/www.un.org\/development\/desa\/pd\/content\/international-migrant-stock\n"},{"access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Freedom House Content Permissions","license_uri":"https:\/\/freedomhouse.org\/about-us\/content-permissions","name":"Freedom in the World 2025: Country and Territory Ratings and Statuses, 1973-2025","note":"Source: Freedom House. \nThe data used in this study were constructed from publicly available indicators. The following indicators were retrieved and manually compiled by the authors to produce the original dataset used in this study (stored in Data\/Database ECOWAS):\nIndicators used:\nPolitical Rights and Civil Liberties scores | URL: https:\/\/freedomhouse.org\/report\/freedom-world#Data","uri":"https:\/\/freedomhouse.org\/report\/freedom-world#Data","citation":"Freedom House. (2023). Freedom in the World 2025: Country and Territory Ratings and Statuses, 1973-2025 [Dataset]. Available at https:\/\/freedomhouse.org\/report\/freedom-world#Data\n"},{"access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO","license_uri":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/igo\/deed.en","name":"Goods and Services Trade Openness (BPM6)","note":"United Nations Conference on Trade and Development United United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). The data used in this study were constructed from publicly available indicators. The following indicators were retrieved and manually compiled by the authors to produce the original dataset used in this study (stored in Data\/Database ECOWAS):\nIndicators used:\nSum of imports and exports - Total trade in goods (% of GDP) | URL: https:\/\/unctadstat.unctad.org\/datacentre\/dataviewer\/US.GoodsAndServTradeOpennessBpm6\nForeign direct investment: Inward and outward flows and stock, annual \u2014 Inward flow (US$ current prices, millions) | URL: https:\/\/unctadstat.unctad.org\/datacentre\/dataviewer\/US.FdiFlowsStock\nGross domestic product: Total and per capita, current and constant (2015) prices (US$ current prices, millions) | URL: https:\/\/unctadstat.unctad.org\/datacentre\/dataviewer\/US.GDPTotal","uri":"https:\/\/unctadstat.unctad.org\/datacentre\/dataviewer\/US.GoodsAndServTradeOpennessBpm6","citation":"United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. (2023). Goods and Services Trade Openness (BPM6) [Dataset]. UNCTAD Data Hub. Available at https:\/\/unctadstat.unctad.org\/datacentre\/dataviewer\/US.GoodsAndServTradeOpennessBpm6 "}],"technology_requirements":"Runtime: 1 minute.","technology_environment":"Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:\n\u2022 OS: Windows 11 Enterprise\n\u2022 Processor: Intel(R) Xeon(R) Gold 5218 CPU @ 2.30GHz, 2300 Mhz, 4 Core(s), 4 Logical Processor(s)\n\u2022 Memory available: 8.15 GB\n\u2022 Software version: Stata 19.5 MP","reproduction_instructions":"To reproduce the findings in this paper, a replicator must:\n- Update the working directory in line 7 of the do-file `Codes for regressions diaspora in the rest of the world`. \n- Run the code."},"datacite":{"creators":[{"givenName":"Nadege D","familyName":"Yameogo","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"WBG- Knowledge Bank"}]},{"givenName":"Kouakou Constant","familyName":"Ouattara","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toulon"}]},{"givenName":"C\u00e9cile","familyName":"Bastidon","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toulon"}]}],"titles":[{"lang":"en","title":"Reproducibility package for Impact Of The Diaspora And Institutional Environment On FDI Inflows To The Ecowas Region"},{"title":"RR_SSA_2026_589","titleType":"Other"}],"publisher":"World Bank","publicationYear":"2026","types":{"resourceType":"Reproducibility package","resourceTypeGeneral":"Other"},"url":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org\/index.php\/catalog\/study\/RR_SSA_2026_589","language":"en"},"tags":[{"tag":"DOI"},{"tag":"Open Code"},{"tag":"Open Data"}],"schematype":"script"}