{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","abbr":"DECDI","affiliation":"World Bank - Development Impact Department","role":"Verification and preparation of metadata"}],"prod_date":"2026-03-26","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"authoring_entity":[{"name":"Maurizio Bussolo","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"mbussolo@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Vito Peragine","affiliation":"Department of Economics and Finance, University of Bari","email":"vitorocco.peragine@uniba.it"},{"name":"Fabian Reutzel","affiliation":"Paris School of Economics","email":"fabian.reutzel@psemail.eu"}],"title_statement":{"title":"Reproducibility package for Inequality Of Opportunity In South Asia: The Puzzle Of Educational Gains Without Consumption Gains","idno":"RR_ASI_2026_565"},"data_statement":"Some data is restricted and has not been included in the reproducibility package. For more details, refer to the README file.","software":[{"name":"R","version":"4.5.1"},{"name":"Stata","version":"19.5 MP"}],"scripts":[{"title":"Reproducibility package for Inequality Of Opportunity In South Asia: The Puzzle Of Educational Gains Without Consumption Gains","date":"2026-03","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank.","instructions":"See README in reproducibility package.","file_name":"RR_ASI_2026_565","zip_package":"RR_ASI_2026_565.zip","dependencies":"R dependencies are listed in the file renv.lock. Stata dependencies are listed in the ado folder."}],"repository_uri":[{"name":"Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank)","uri":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org"}],"production_date":"2026-03-26","abstract":"More than two decades of sustained economic growth in South Asia brought significant reductions in poverty, yet inclusive social progress has remained elusive. Using a pseudo-panel approach with a large-scale harmonized dataset of 19 million observations across seven South Asian countries, we trace the evolution of inequality of opportunity (IOp) across cohorts born 1950s-1990s for three outcomes: education, labor markets, and consumption. We find substantial improvements in educational opportunities and unchanging high levels of IOp for consumption. Three mechanisms explain this divergence. First, educational expansion focused on basic schooling for the 1950s-80s cohorts\u2014a skill level with limited labor market returns. Second, despite narrowing gender gaps in educational attainment, female labor force participation remains stubbornly low across cohorts. Third, even among equally educated individuals, circumstances continue to predict labor outcomes, suggesting persistent structural barriers to labor market access and fair rewards.","geographic_units":[{"name":"Asia","code":"ASI"}],"keywords":[{"name":"Inequality Of Opportunity"},{"name":"Educational Expansion"},{"name":"Well-Being"}],"topics":[{"id":"D63","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement","parent_id":"D6"},{"id":" O15","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Human Resources \u2022 Human Development \u2022 Income Distribution \u2022 Migration","parent_id":"O1"},{"id":" I25","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Education and Economic Development","parent_id":"I2"},{"id":" I24","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Education and Inequality","parent_id":"I2"}],"output":[{"type":"Working Paper","description":"Policy Research Working Papers (PRWP)","title":"Inequality Of Opportunity In South Asia: The Puzzle Of Educational Gains Without Consumption Gains"}],"language":[{"name":"English","code":"EN"}],"technology_requirements":"Runtime: 7.5 hours.","disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","license":[{"name":"Modified BSD3","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/bsd-3-clause\/"}],"contacts":[{"name":"Maurizio Bussolo","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"mbussolo@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org"}],"datasets":[{"name":"World Development Indicators (WDI)","note":"Source: World Bank.\nIndicators used: Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-64) (modeled ILO estimate) (SL.TLF.ACTI.ZS), Consumer price index (2010 = 100) (FP.CPI.TOTL), Population ages 15-64, total (SP.POP.1564.TO).\nAccess date: January 28, 2025 (labor force participation rate), August 22, 2024 (consumer price index), and August 5, 2022 (population).\nFile location: \"data\\raw\\auxiliary\".\nFile names: cpi2010.csv; ILO_lfp_model.csv; population.csv.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0)","uri":"https:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/source\/world-development-indicators","citation":"World Bank. (n.d.). \"World Development Indicators\" [dataset]. World Bank. Available at https:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/source\/world-development-indicators. Accessed on August 5, 2022, August 22, 2024, and January 28, 2025."},{"name":"Labor Force Participation Rate (Labor Force Survey Estimate)","note":"Source: ILOSTAT\u2019s Labour Force Statistics (LFS).\nAccess date: February 1, 2025.\nFile location: \"data\\raw\\auxiliary\".\nFile names: \"ILO_lfp_lfs.csv\".","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)","uri":"https:\/\/rplumber.ilo.org\/data\/indicator\/?id=EAP_DWAP_SEX_AGE_RT_A&lang=en&type=label&format=.csv&channel=ilostat&title=labour-force-participation-rate-by-sex-and-age-annual","citation":"International Labour Organization. (2020). ILO modelled estimates database, ILOSTAT [database]. Available from https:\/\/ilostat.ilo.org\/data\/. Accessed on February 1, 2025."},{"name":"Gini estimates","note":"Source: World Bank\u2019s Poverty and Inequality Platform (PIP).\nAccess date: October 28, 2025 (release 20250930_2017_01_02_PROD) and May 7, 2025 (release 20240627_2017_01_02_PROD).\nFile location: \"data\\raw\\auxiliary\".\nFile names: pip_20240627_2017_01_02_PROD.csv and pip_20250930_2017_01_02_PROD.csv.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)","uri":"https:\/\/pip.worldbank.org\/","citation":"World Bank. (2025). Poverty and Inequality Platform (versions 20250930_2017 and release 20240627_2017) [dataset]. World Bank Group. Available at: www.pip.worldbank.org. Accessed on October 28, 2025 and May 7, 2025."},{"name":"Inequality of Opportunity Estimates","note":"Source: Global Estimates of Opportunity and Mobility.\nAccess date: February 7, 2025.\nFile location: \"data\\raw\\auxiliary\".\nFile name: GEOM.csv.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Custom license","uri":"https:\/\/geom.ecineq.org\/","citation":"GEOM: Global Estimates of Opportunity and Mobility, London School of Economics and Political Science and University of Bari, Version 1, released on June 6th 2024."},{"name":"Survey of the Afghan People (2004-2019)","note":"Source: Asia Foundation.\nAccess date: November 18, 2022.\nFile location: \"data\\raw\\auxiliary_non_public\".\nFile name: \"2019_Afghan_data_STATA.dta\".","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners\/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Custom license","uri":"https:\/\/dataverse.ada.edu.au\/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.26193\/VDDO0X","citation":"Asia Foundation. (2019). Survey of the Afghan People (2004-2019) [dataset]. Available at https:\/\/dataverse.ada.edu.au\/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.26193\/VDDO0X. Accessed on November 18, 2022."},{"name":"Manual mappings across different geographic levels and demographic groups","note":"Source: Author\u2019s construction.\nFile location: \"data\\raw\\auxiliary\\geo_level\" and \"data\\raw\\auxiliary\\demo\".","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Custom license"},{"name":"National Risk and Vulnerability Assessment (NRVA) \u2013 Raw","note":"Source: Central Statistics Organization (CSO).\nYears: 2007-2008, 2011-2012.\nAccess date: August 27, 2021.\nFile location: \"data\\raw\\HHS\\AFG\\NRVA\".","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners\/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Custom license","uri":"https:\/\/catalog.ihsn.org\/index.php\/catalog\/935; https:\/\/catalog.ihsn.org\/index.php\/catalog\/5230 ","citation":"Central Statistics Organization (CSO). National Risk and Vulnerability Assessment (NRVA), Afghanistan 2007\u20132008 and 2011\u20132012 [dataset]. Available from the IHSN Microdata Catalog: https:\/\/catalog.ihsn.org\/. Accessed on August 27, 2021."},{"name":"National Risk and Vulnerability Assessment (NRVA) \u2013 Harmonized","note":"Source: Central Statistics Organization (CSO), accessed via the South Asia Regional Micro Database (SARMD).\nYears: 2007-2008, 2011-2012.\nAccess date: January 30, 2023.\nFile location: \"data\\raw\\HHS\\AFG\\SARMD\".\nFile names: AFG_2008_NRVA_v01_M_v01_A_SARMD_IND.dta; and AFG_2012_NRVA_v01_M_v01_A_SARMD_IND.dta.","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners\/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package. Available to World Bank Staff only.","license":"Custom license","citation":"Central Statistics Organization (CSO). National Risk and Vulnerability Assessment (NRVA), Afghanistan 2007\u20132008 and 2011\u20132012 [dataset]. Harmonized version accessed through the South Asia Regional Micro Database (SARMD). Available from: https:\/\/worldbank.github.io\/SARMD_guidelines\/datalibweb-getting-access-to-sarmd.html. Accessed on January 30, 2023."},{"name":"Afghanistan Living Conditions Survey (ALCS) - Raw","note":"Source: Central Statistics Organization (CSO).\nYears: 2013-2014, 2016-2017.\nAccess date: August 27, 2021.\nFile location: \"data\\raw\\HHS\\AFG\\ALCS\".","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners\/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Custom license","uri":"https:\/\/catalog.ihsn.org\/index.php\/catalog\/6557; https:\/\/catalog.ihsn.org\/index.php\/catalog\/8014","citation":"Central Statistics Organization (CSO). Afghanistan Living Conditions Survey (ALCS), Afghanistan 2013\u20132014 and 2016\u20132017 [dataset]. Available from the IHSN Microdata Catalog: https:\/\/catalog.ihsn.org\/. Accessed on August 27, 2021."},{"name":"Afghanistan Living Conditions Survey (ALCS) - Harmonized","note":"Source: Central Statistics Organization (CSO), accessed via the South Asia Regional Micro Database (SARMD).\nYears: 2013-2014.\nAccess date: January 28, 2023.\nFile location: \"data\\raw\\HHS\\AFG\\SARMD\".\nFile name: \"AFG_2016_LCS_v01_M_v01_A_SARMD_IND.dta\".","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners\/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package. Available to World Bank Staff only.","license":"Custom license","citation":"Central Statistics Organization (CSO). Afghanistan Living Conditions Survey (ALCS), Afghanistan 2013-2014 and 2016\u20132017 [dataset]. Harmonized version accessed through the South Asia Regional Micro Database (SARMD). Available from: https:\/\/worldbank.github.io\/SARMD_guidelines\/datalibweb-getting-access-to-sarmd.html. Accessed on January 28, 2023."},{"name":"Integrated Expenditure and Labor Force Survey (IELFS) - Raw","note":"Source: National Statistics and Information Authority (NSIA).\nYear: 2020.\nAccess date: August 27, 2021.\nFile location: \"data\\raw\\HHS\\AFG\\IELFS\".","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners\/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Custom license","uri":"https:\/\/fscluster.org\/afghanistan\/document\/income-and-expenditure-labor","citation":"National Statistics and Information Authority (NSIA). Integrated Expenditure and Labor Force Survey (IELFS), Afghanistan 2020 [dataset]. Available from https:\/\/fscluster.org\/afghanistan\/document\/income-and-expenditure-labor. Accessed on August 27, 2021."},{"name":"Household Income and Expenditure Survey (BGD-HIES) - Harmonized","note":"Source: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS), accessed via the South Asia Regional Micro Database (SARMD).\nYears: 2000, 2005, 2010, 2016-2017, 2022.\nAccess date: April 26, 2022 (2000-2017) and November 3, 2023 (2022).\nFile location: \"data\\raw\\HHS\\BGD\\SARMD\".","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners\/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package. Available to World Bank Staff only.","license":"Custom license","citation":"Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS). Household Income and Expenditure Survey (BGD-HIES), Bangladesh 2000, 2005, 2010, 2016-2017 and 2022 [dataset]. Harmonized version accessed through the South Asia Regional Micro Database (SARMD). Available from: https:\/\/worldbank.github.io\/SARMD_guidelines\/datalibweb-getting-access-to-sarmd.html. Accessed on April 26, 2022 and November 3, 2023."},{"name":"Labor Force Survey (BGD-LFS) - Raw","note":"Source: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS).\nYears: 2005-2006, 2010, 2013, 2015-2016, 2016-2017, 2022.\nAccess date: December 13, 2025 (2005, 2010, 2013, 2015, 2022) and January 14, 2026 (2016).\nFile location: \"data\\raw\\LFS\\BGD\\LFS\" and \"data\\raw\\LFS\\BGD\\QLFS\".","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners\/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Custom license","uri":"https:\/\/webapps.ilo.org\/surveyLib\/index.php\/catalog\/7874; https:\/\/webapps.ilo.org\/surveyLib\/index.php\/catalog\/7873; https:\/\/webapps.ilo.org\/surveyLib\/index.php\/catalog\/7872; https:\/\/catalog.ihsn.org\/index.php\/catalog\/7277; https:\/\/catalog.ihsn.org\/index.php\/catalog\/8021; https:\/\/webapps.ilo.org\/surveyLib\/index.php\/catalog\/8538","citation":"Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS). Labor Force Survey (BGD-LFS), Bangladesh: 2005-2006, 2010, 2013, 2015-2016, 2016-2017, 2022 [dataset]. Available from the IHSN Microdata Catalog and the ILOSTAT (ILO Department of Statistics): https:\/\/webapps.ilo.org\/surveyLib\/; https:\/\/catalog.ihsn.org\/. Accessed on December 13, 2025 and January 14, 2026."},{"name":"Labor Force Survey (BGD-LFS) - Harmonized","note":"Source: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS), accessed via the Global Labor Database (GLD).\nYears: 2005-2006, 2010, 2013, 2015-2016, 2016-2017, 2022.\nAccess date: January 25, 2026 (2005, 2010, 2013, 2016) and December 13, 2025 (2015, 2022).\nFile location: \"data\\raw\\LFS\\BGD\\GLD\".","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners\/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package. Available to World Bank Staff only.","license":"Custom license","citation":"Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS). Labor Force Survey (BGD-LFS), Bangladesh 2005-2006, 2010, 2013, 2015-2016, 2016-2017 and 2022 [dataset]. Harmonized version accessed through the Global Labor Database (GLD). Available from: https:\/\/worldbank.github.io\/gld\/Support\/A%20-%20Guides%20and%20Documentation\/GLD%20Manual%20Files\/GLD%20content%2C%20storage%2C%20and%20access.html#data-storage-platforms-and-access-rules. Accessed on January 25, 2026 and December 13, 2025."},{"name":"Bhutan Living Standards Survey (BLSS) - Raw","note":"Source: National Statistics Bureau (NSB).\nYears: 2003, 2007, 2012, 2017, 2022.\nAccess date: August 27, 2021 (2003, 2007, 2012, 2017) and March 6, 2025 (2022).\nFile location: \"data\\raw\\HHS\\BTN\\BLSS\".","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners\/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Custom license","uri":"https:\/\/catalog.ihsn.org\/index.php\/catalog\/23;  https:\/\/catalog.ihsn.org\/index.php\/catalog\/24;  https:\/\/catalog.ihsn.org\/index.php\/catalog\/3250.","citation":"National Statistics Bureau (NSB). Bhutan Living Standards Survey (BLSS), Bhutan 2003, 2007, 2012, 2017, 2022 [dataset]. Available from the IHSN Microdata Catalog: https:\/\/catalog.ihsn.org\/. Accessed on August 27, 2021 and March 6, 2025."},{"name":"Bhutan Living Standards Survey (BLSS) - Harmonized","note":"Source: National Statistics Bureau (NSB), accessed via the South Asia Regional Micro Database (SARMD).\nYears: 2003, 2007, 2012, 2017, 2022.\nAccess date: December 18, 2022 (2003, 2007, 2012, 2017) and March 6, 2025 (2022).\nFile location: \"data\\raw\\HHS\\BTN\\SARMD\".","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners\/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package. Available to World Bank Staff only. Available to World Bank Staff only.","license":"Custom license","citation":"National Statistics Bureau (NSB). Bhutan Living Standards Survey (BLSS), Bhutan 2003, 2007, 2012, 2017, 2022 [dataset]. Harmonized version accessed through the South Asia Regional Micro Database (SARMD). Available from: https:\/\/worldbank.github.io\/SARMD_guidelines\/datalibweb-getting-access-to-sarmd.html. Accessed on December 18, 2022 and March 6, 2025."},{"name":"Labor Force Survey (BHT-LFS) - Harmonized","note":"Source: National Statistics Bureau (NSB), accessed via South Asia Labor Force Surveys repository (SARLAB).\nYears: 2018, 2019, 2020, 2022.\nAccess date: June 5, 2025.\nFile location: \"data\\raw\\LFS\\BHT\\SARLAB\".\nFile names: BTN_2018_LFS_v01_M_v01_A_SARLAB_IND.dta, BTN_2019_LFS_v01_M_v01_A_SARLAB_IND.dta, BTN_2020_LFS_v01_M_v01_A_SARLAB_IND.dta, BTN_2022_LFS_v01_M_v01_A_SARLAB_IND.dta.","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners\/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package. Available to World Bank Staff only.","license":"Custom license","citation":"National Statistics Bureau (NSB). Labor Force Survey (BHT-LFS), Bhutan 2018, 2019, 2020, 2022 [dataset]. Harmonized version accessed through the South Asia Region Labor Force Surveys. Accessed on June 5, 2025."},{"name":"India Human Development Survey (IHDS) - Raw","note":"Source: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR) - University of Maryland.\nYears: 2005, 2011.\nAccess date: August 16, 2025.\nFile location: \"data\\raw\\HHS\\IND\\IHDS\".","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"CC BY-NC 4.0","uri":"https:\/\/www.icpsr.umich.edu\/web\/DSDR\/studies\/22626; https:\/\/www.icpsr.umich.edu\/web\/DSDR\/studies\/36151","citation":"Desai, Sonalde, Vanneman, Reeve, and National Council of Applied Economic Research, New Delhi. India Human Development Survey (IHDS), 2005. Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 2018-08-08. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/ICPSR22626.v12 [https:\/\/www.icpsr.umich.edu\/web\/DSDR\/studies\/22626] Desai, Sonalde, and Vanneman, Reeve. India Human Development Survey-II (IHDS-II), 2011-12. Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 2018-08-08. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/ICPSR36151.v6 [https:\/\/www.icpsr.umich.edu\/web\/DSDR\/studies\/36151]"},{"name":"Indian National Sample Survey (NSS) - Raw","note":"Source: National Sample Survey Office (NSSO).\nYears: 1993-1994, 2004-2005, 2009-2010, 2011-2012.\nAccess date: April 27, 2025 (1993) and January 23, 2023 (2004, 2009, 2011).\nFile location: \"data\\raw\\HHS\\IND\\NSS\".","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Custom license","uri":"http:\/\/www.icssrdataservice.in\/datarepository\/index.php\/catalog\/8; http:\/\/www.icssrdataservice.in\/datarepository\/index.php\/catalog\/3; http:\/\/www.icssrdataservice.in\/datarepository\/index.php\/catalog\/89; http:\/\/www.icssrdataservice.in\/datarepository\/index.php\/catalog\/135","citation":"National Sample Survey Office (NSSO). National Sample Survey (NSS), India 1993-1994 (50th), 2004-2005 (61st), 2009-2010 (66th), 2011-2012 (68th) [dataset]. Available from ICSSR Data Service: Social Science Data Repository: http:\/\/www.icssrdataservice.in\/datarepository\/. Accessed on April 27, 2025 and January 23, 2023."},{"name":"Indian National Sample Survey (NSS) - Harmonized","note":"Source: National Sample Survey Office (NSSO). Accessed via the South Asia Regional Micro Database (SARMD) and the Global Monitoring Database (GMD).\nYears: 1993-1994, 2004-2005, 2009-2010, 2011-2012.\nAccess date: April 21, 2025 (1993-1994), April 18, 2025 (2004-2005, 2009-2010) and March 6, 2025 (2011-2012).\nFile location: \"data\\raw\\HHS\\IND\\SARMD\".\nFile names: IND_1993_NSS50-SCH1.0_v01_M_v04_A_SARMD_IND.dta, IND_2004_NSS61-SCH1.0_v01_M_v05_A_SARMD_IND_GMD_ALL.dta, IND_2009_NSS66-SCH1.0-T1_v01_M_v05_A_SARMD_IND_GMD_ALL.dta, IND_2011_NSS-SCH1_V01_M_V06_A_GMD_ALL.dta, IND_2011_NSS-SCH2_v02_M_v01_A_GMD_ALL.dta.","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners\/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package. Available to World Bank Staff only.","license":"Custom license","citation":"National Sample Survey Office (NSSO). National Sample Survey (NSS), India 1993-1994 (50th), 2004-2005 (61st), 2009-2010 (66th), 2011-2012 (68th) [dataset]. Harmonized version accessed through the South Asia Regional Micro Database (SARMD) and the Global Monitoring Database (GMD). Accessed on April 21, 2025, April 18, 2025 and March 6, 2025."},{"name":"Indian Household Consumption Expenditure Survey (HCES) - Raw","note":"Source: National Sample Survey Office (NSSO).\nYears: 2022-2023.\nAccess date: March 6, 2025.\nFile location: \"data\\raw\\HHS\\IND\\HCES\\2022\".","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"CC BY-NC 4.0","uri":"https:\/\/microdata.gov.in\/NADA\/index.php\/catalog\/224","citation":"National Sample Survey Office (NSSO). Household Consumption Expenditure Survey (HCES), India 2022-2023 [dataset]. Available from the Government of India of Statistics and Programme Implementation Online Microdata Library: https:\/\/microdata.gov.in\/NADA\/index.php\/catalog\/224. Accessed on March 6, 2025."},{"name":"Household Consumption Expenditure Survey (HCES) - Harmonized","note":"Source: National Sample Survey Office (NSSO), accessed via the Global Monitoring Database (GMD).\nYears: 2022-2023.\nAccess date: March 6, 2025.\nFile location: \"data\\raw\\HHS\\IND\\SARMD\".\nFile names: IND_2022_HCES_v02_M_v01_A_GMD_ALL.dta.","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners\/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package. Available to World Bank Staff only.","license":"Custom license","citation":"National Sample Survey Office (NSSO). Household Consumption Expenditure Survey (HCES), India 2022-2023 [dataset]. Harmonized version accessed through the Global Monitoring Database (GMD). Accessed on March 6, 2025."},{"name":"Indian Employment and Unemployment Survey (EUS) - Raw","note":"Source: National Sample Survey Office (NSSO).\nYears: 1987-1988, 1993-1994, 1999-2000, 2004-2005, 2005-2006, 2007-2008, 2009-2010, 2011-2012.\nAccess date: December 13, 2025 (1987-1988, 1993-1994, 1999-2000, 2004-2005, 2005-2006, 2007-2008) and January 14, 2026 (2009-2010, 2011-2012).\nFile location: \"data\\raw\\LFS\\IND\\EUS\".","access_type":"Data is publicly available but does not allow redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Custom license","uri":"https:\/\/microdata.gov.in\/NADA\/index.php\/catalog\/55; https:\/\/microdata.gov.in\/NADA\/index.php\/catalog\/77; https:\/\/microdata.gov.in\/NADA\/index.php\/catalog\/90 ; https:\/\/microdata.gov.in\/NADA\/index.php\/catalog\/109; https:\/\/microdata.gov.in\/NADA\/index.php\/catalog\/113; https:\/\/microdata.gov.in\/NADA\/index.php\/catalog\/117;  https:\/\/microdata.gov.in\/NADA\/index.php\/catalog\/124; https:\/\/microdata.gov.in\/NADA\/index.php\/catalog\/127 ","citation":"National Sample Survey Office (NSSO). Employment and Unemployment Survey (EUS), India 1987-1988; 1993-1994; 1999-2000 2004-2005; 2005-2006; 2007-2008; 2009-2010 and 2011-2012 [dataset]. Available from the MOSPI Microdata Catalog: https:\/\/microdata.gov.in\/NADA\/. Accessed on December 13, 2025 and January 14, 2026."},{"name":"Indian Employment and Unemployment Survey (EUS) - Harmonized","note":"Source: National Sample Survey Office (NSSO), accessed via the Global Labor Database (GLD).\nYears: 1983, 1987-1988, 1993-1994, 1999-2000, 2004-2005, 2005-2006, 2007-2008, 2009-2010, 2011-2012.\nAccess date: January 25, 2026.\nFile location: \"data\\raw\\LFS\\IND\\GLD\".\nFile names: IND_1983_EUS_V01_M_V07_A_GLD_ALL.dta, IND_1987_EUS_V01_M_V06_A_GLD_ALL.dta, IND_1993_EUS_V01_M_V06_A_GLD_ALL.dta, IND_2004_EUS_V01_M_V05_A_GLD_ALL.dta, IND_2005_EUS_V01_M_V05_A_GLD_ALL.dta, IND_2007_EUS_V01_M_V05_A_GLD_ALL.dta, IND_2009_EUS_V01_M_V07_A_GLD_ALL.dta, IND_2011_EUS_V01_M_V07_A_GLD_ALL.dta.","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners\/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package. Available to World Bank Staff only.","license":"Custom license","citation":"National Sample Survey Office (NSSO). Employment and Unemployment Survey (EUS), India 1983-1984; 1987-1988; 1993-1994; 2004-2005 ; 2005-2006; 2007-2008; 2009-2010; 2011-2012 [dataset]. Harmonized version accessed through the Global Labor Database (GLD). Available from https:\/\/worldbank.github.io\/gld\/Support\/A%20-%20Guides%20and%20Documentation\/GLD%20Manual%20Files\/GLD%20content%2C%20storage%2C%20and%20access.html#data-storage-platforms-and-access-rules. Accessed on January 25, 2026."},{"name":"Indian Periodic Labor Force Survey (PLFS) - Raw","note":"Source: National Sample Survey Office (NSSO).\nYears: 2017-2018, 2018-2019, 2019-2020, 2020-2021, 2021-2022, 2022-2023.\nAccess date: December 13, 2025.\nFile location: \"data\\raw\\LFS\\IND\\PLFS\".","access_type":"Data is publicly available but does not allow redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Custom license","uri":"https:\/\/microdata.gov.in\/NADA\/index.php\/catalog\/204; https:\/\/microdata.gov.in\/NADA\/index.php\/catalog\/216; https:\/\/microdata.gov.in\/NADA\/index.php\/catalog\/217; https:\/\/microdata.gov.in\/NADA\/index.php\/catalog\/206; https:\/\/microdata.gov.in\/NADA\/index.php\/catalog\/214; https:\/\/microdata.gov.in\/NADA\/index.php\/catalog\/210 ","citation":"National Sample Survey Office (NSSO). Periodic Labor Force Survey (PLFS). India 2017-2018, 2018-2019, 2019-2020, 2020-2021, 2021-2022, 2022-2023 [dataset]. Available from the MOSPI Microdata Catalog: https:\/\/microdata.gov.in\/NADA\/. Accessed on December 13, 2025"},{"name":"Indian Periodic Labor Force Survey (PLFS) - Harmonized","note":"Source: National Sample Survey Office (NSSO), accessed via the Global Labor Database (GLD).\nYears: 2017-2018, 2018-2019, 2019-2020, 2020-2021, 2021-2022, 2022-2023.\nAccess date: January 25, 2026.\nFile location: \"data\\raw\\LFS\\IND\\GLD\".\nFile names: IND_2017_PLFS_V02_M_V04_A_GLD_ALL.dta, IND_2018_PLFS_V02_M_V04_A_GLD_ALL.dta, IND_2019_PLFS_V02_M_V04_A_GLD_ALL.dta, IND_2020_PLFS_V01_M_V04_A_GLD_ALL.dta, IND_2021_PLFS_V01_M_V05_A_GLD_ALL.dta, IND_2022_PLFS_V01_M_V02_A_GLD_ALL.dta.","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners\/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package. Available to World Bank Staff only.","license":"Custom license","citation":"National Sample Survey Office (NSSO). Periodic Labor Force Survey (PLFS), India 2017-2018, 2018-2019, 2019-2020, 2020-2021, 2021-2022, 2022-2023 [dataset]. Harmonized version accessed through the Global Labor Database (GLD) available from https:\/\/worldbank.github.io\/gld\/Support\/A%20-%20Guides%20and%20Documentation\/GLD%20Manual%20Files\/GLD%20content%2C%20storage%2C%20and%20access.html#data-storage-platforms-and-access-rules. Accessed on January 25, 2026."},{"name":"Labor Force Survey (NPL - LFS) - Raw","note":"Source: Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS).\nYears: 1998-1999, 2008-2009, 2017-2018.\nAccess date: December 13, 2025.\nFile location: \"data\\raw\\LFS\\NPL\\LFS\".","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners\/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Custom license","uri":"https:\/\/microdata.nsonepal.gov.np\/index.php\/catalog\/1; https:\/\/microdata.nsonepal.gov.np\/index.php\/catalog\/2; https:\/\/microdata.nsonepal.gov.np\/index.php\/catalog\/88 ","citation":"Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS). Labor Force Survey (NPL- LFS) Nepal 1998-1999, 2008-2009, 2017-2018 [dataset]. Available from https:\/\/microdata.nsonepal.gov.np\/. Accessed on December 13, 2025."},{"name":"Labor Force Survey (NPL - LFS) - Harmonized","note":"Source: Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), accessed via the Global Labor Database (GLD).\nYears: 1998-1999, 2008-2009, 2017-2018.\nAccess date: January 25, 2026 (1998-1999, 2008-2009) and December 13, 2025 (2017-2018).\nFile location: \"data\\raw\\LFS\\NPL\\GLD\".","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners\/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package. Available to World Bank Staff only.","license":"Custom license","citation":"Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS). Labor Force Survey. Nepal 1998-1999, 2008-2009, 2017-2018 [dataset]. Harmonized version accessed through the Global Labor Database (GLD). Available from https:\/\/worldbank.github.io\/gld\/Support\/A%20-%20Guides%20and%20Documentation\/GLD%20Manual%20Files\/GLD%20content%2C%20storage%2C%20and%20access.html#data-storage-platforms-and-access-rules. Accessed on January 25,2026 and December 13, 2025."},{"name":"Nepal Living Standards Survey (NLSS) - Raw","note":"Source: Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS).\nYears: 1995-1996, 2003-2004, 2010-11, 2022-2023.\nAccess date: December 5, 2022 (1995-1996, 2003-2004), August 27, 2021 (2010-11) and April 3, 2025 (2022-2023).\nFile location: \"data\\raw\\HHS\\NPL\\NLSS\".","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners\/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Custom license","uri":"https:\/\/microdata.nsonepal.gov.np\/index.php\/catalog\/7; https:\/\/microdata.nsonepal.gov.np\/index.php\/catalog\/9; https:\/\/microdata.nsonepal.gov.np\/index.php\/catalog\/37; https:\/\/data.nsonepal.gov.np\/dataset\/b6c3c19b-4b15-44bf-8653-1571e76dad14\/resource\/e2d52301-1c25-498b-8732-4326c62a2372\/download\/nlss-iv.pdf","citation":"Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Nepal Living Standards Survey (NLSS). Nepal. 1995-1996, 2003-2004, 2010-11, 2022-2023 [dataset]. Available from Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) on https:\/\/microdata.nsonepal.gov.np\/. Accessed on December 5, 2022, August 27, 2021, and April 3, 2025."},{"name":"Nepal Living Standards Survey (NLSS) - Harmonized","note":"Source: Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), accessed via South Asia Regional Micro Database (SARMD).\nYears: 1995-1996, 2003-2004, 2010-11, 2022-2023.\nAccess date: December 5, 2022 (1995-1996, 2003-2004), August 27, 2021 (2010-11) and April 3, 2025 (2022-2023).\nFile location: \"data\\raw\\HHS\\NPL\\SARMD\".","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners\/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package. Available to World Bank Staff only.","license":"Custom license","citation":"Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS). Nepal Living Standards Survey. Nepal 1995-1996 , 2003-2004, 2010-11, 2022-2023 [dataset]. Harmonized version accessed through the South Asia Regional Micro Database (SARMD). Available from https:\/\/worldbank.github.io\/SARMD_guidelines\/datalibweb-getting-access-to-sarmd.html. Accessed on December 5, 2022, August 27, 2021, and April 3, 2025."},{"name":"National Population and Housing Census (NPHC) - Raw","note":"Source: Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS).\nYears: 2011.\nAccess date: December 13, 2021.\nFile location: \"data\\raw\\HHS\\NPL\\NPHC\\2011\".","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners\/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution, and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Custom license","uri":"https:\/\/microdata.nsonepal.gov.np\/index.php\/catalog\/54","citation":"Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS). National Population and Housing Census (NPHC). Nepal 2011 [dataset]. Available from the CBS Microdata Catalog: https:\/\/microdata.nsonepal.gov.np\/index.php\/catalog\/54. Accessed on December 13, 2021."},{"name":"Household Integrated Economic Survey (PAK-HIES) - Raw","note":"Source: Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (PBS).\nYears: 2007-2008, 2010-2011, 2011-2012, 2013-2014, 2015-2016, 2018-2019.\nAccess date: September 10, 2025 (2007-2008, 2010-2011, 2013-2014, 2015-2016, 2018-2019) and July 20, 2021 (2011-2012).\nFile location: \"data\\raw\\HHS\\PAK\\HIES\".","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Custom license","uri":"https:\/\/www.pbs.gov.pk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/microdata_2007_08_stata.zip; https:\/\/www.pbs.gov.pk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/data-in-stata-1.zip; https:\/\/www.pbs.gov.pk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/data-in-stata.zip; https:\/\/www.pbs.gov.pk\/hies\/ , https:\/\/www.pbs.gov.pk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/data_stata_2015-16.zip; https:\/\/www.pbs.gov.pk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/data_in_stata.zip ","citation":"Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (PBS). Household Integrated Economic Survey (PAK-HIES), Pakistan 2007-2008, 2010-2011, 2011-2012, 2013-2014, 2015-2016, 2018-2019 [dataset]. Available from the PBS Microdata Catalog: https:\/\/www.pbs.gov.pk\/. Accessed on September 10, 2025 and July 20, 2021."},{"name":"Household Integrated Economic Survey (PAK-HIES) - Harmonized","note":"Source: Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (PBS), accessed via South Asia Regional Micro Database (SARMD).\nYears: 2007-2008, 2010-2011, 2011-2012, 2013-2014, 2015-2016, 2018-2019.\nAccess date: April 25, 2022.\nFile location: \"data\\raw\\HHS\\PAK\\SARMD\".\nFile names: PAK_2007_HIES_v02_M_v02_A_SARMD.dta, PAK_2010_HIES_v01_M_v05_A_SARMD.dta, PAK_2011_HIES_v01_M_v05_A_SARMD.dta, PAK_2013_HIES_v01_M_v05_A_SARMD.dta, PAK_2015_HIES_v01_M_v03_A_SARMD.dta, PAK_2018_HIES_v01_M_v01_A_SARMD.dta.","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners\/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution, and it is not included in the reproducibility package. Available to World Bank Staff only.","license":"Custom license","citation":"Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (PBS ). Household Integrated Economic Survey (PAK-HIES), Pakistan 2007-2008, 2010-2011, 2011-2012, 2013-2014, 2015-2016, 2018-2019 [dataset]. Harmonized version accessed through the South Asia Regional Micro Database (SARMD). Available from: https:\/\/worldbank.github.io\/SARMD_guidelines\/datalibweb-getting-access-to-sarmd.html. Accessed on April 25, 2022."},{"name":"Pakistan Integrated Household Survey (PIHS) - Raw","note":"Source: Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (PBS).\nYears: 1991.\nAccess date: April 28, 2022.\nFile location: \"data\\raw\\HHS\\PAK\\PIHS\\1991\".","access_type":"Data is publicly available but does not allow redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Custom license","uri":"https:\/\/microdata.worldbank.org\/index.php\/catalog\/543","citation":"Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (PBS). Pakistan Integrated Household Survey (PIHS). Pakistan 1991 [dataset]. Available from the World Bank Microdata Library: https:\/\/microdata.worldbank.org\/index.php\/catalog\/543. Accessed on April 28, 2022."},{"name":"Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement (PSLM) - Raw","note":"Source: Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (PBS).\nYears: 2010-2011, 2012-2013, 2014-2015, 2019-2020.\nAccess date: April 28, 2022 (2010-2011, 2012-2013, 2014-2015) and August 27, 2021 (2019-2020).\nFile location: \"data\\raw\\HHS\\PAK\\PSLM\".","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Custom license","uri":"https:\/\/www.pbs.gov.pk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/data-in-stata-10-11.zip; https:\/\/www.pbs.gov.pk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/data-in-spss-12-13.zip; https:\/\/www.pbs.gov.pk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Data-in-stata.zip; https:\/\/www.pbs.gov.pk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/stata_data_pslm_2019_20.zip ","citation":"Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (PBS). Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement, Pakistan 2010-2011, 2012-2013, 2014-2015, 2019-2020 [dataset]. Available from the PBS Microdata Catalog: https:\/\/www.pbs.gov.pk\/. Accessed on April 28, 2022 and August 27, 2021."},{"name":"Household Income and Expenditure Survey (LKA-HIES) - Raw","note":"Source: Department of Census and Statistics (DCS).\nYears: 1990-1991, 1995-1996, 2002, 2006-2007, 2009-2010, 2012-2013, 2016, 2019.\nAccess date: August 27, 2021.\nFile location: \"data\\raw\\HHS\\LKA\\HIES\".","access_type":"Data is publicly available but does not allow redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Custom license","uri":"https:\/\/nada.statistics.gov.lk\/index.php\/catalog\/31; https:\/\/nada.statistics.gov.lk\/index.php\/catalog\/33; https:\/\/nada.statistics.gov.lk\/index.php\/catalog\/38; https:\/\/nada.statistics.gov.lk\/index.php\/catalog\/35; https:\/\/nada.statistics.gov.lk\/index.php\/catalog\/36; https:\/\/nada.statistics.gov.lk\/index.php\/catalog\/37; https:\/\/catalog.ihsn.org\/catalog\/7380\/; https:\/\/nada.statistics.gov.lk\/index.php\/catalog\/476 ","citation":"Department of Census and Statistics (DCS). Household Income and Expenditure Survey. Sri Lanka 1990-1991, 1995-1996, 2002, 2006-2007, 2009-2010, 2012-2013, 2016, 2019 [dataset]. Available from the DCS Microdata Catalog: https:\/\/nada.statistics.gov.lk\/, https:\/\/catalog.ihsn.org\/catalog\/7380\/. Accessed on August 27, 2021"},{"name":"Household Income and Expenditure Survey (LKA-HIES) - Harmonized","note":"Source: Department of Census and Statistics (DCS), accessed via the South Asia Regional Micro Database (SARMD).\nYears: 2002, 2006-2007, 2009-2010, 2012-2013, 2016, 2019.\nAccess date: August 27, 2021 (2002, 2006-2007, 2009-2010, 2012-2013), May 23, 2022 (2016) and March 6, 2025 (2019).\nFile location: \"data\\raw\\HHS\\LKA\\SARMD\".","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners\/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution, and it is not included in the reproducibility package. Available to World Bank Staff only.","license":"Custom license","citation":"Department of Census and Statistics (DCS), Household Income and Expenditure Survey (LKA- HIES), Sri Lanka 2002, 2006-2007, 2009-2010, 2012-2013, 2016, 2019 [dataset]. Harmonized version accessed through the South Asia Regional Micro Database (SARMD). Available from: https:\/\/worldbank.github.io\/SARMD_guidelines\/datalibweb-getting-access-to-sarmd.html. Accessed on August 27, 2021, May 23, 2022 and March 6, 2025."},{"name":"Labor Force Survey (LKA-LFS) - Raw","note":"Source: Department of Census and Statistics (DCS).\nYears: 1992-2021.\nAccess date: December 13, 2025.\nFile location: \"data\\raw\\LFS\\LKA\\LFS\".","access_type":"Data is publicly available but does not allow redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Custom license","uri":"https:\/\/nada.statistics.gov.lk\/index.php\/catalog\/453; https:\/\/nada.statistics.gov.lk\/index.php\/catalog\/455; https:\/\/nada.statistics.gov.lk\/index.php\/catalog\/460; https:\/\/nada.statistics.gov.lk\/index.php\/catalog\/474; https:\/\/nada.statistics.gov.lk\/index.php\/catalog\/462; https:\/\/nada.statistics.gov.lk\/index.php\/catalog\/13; https:\/\/nada.statistics.gov.lk\/index.php\/catalog\/14; https:\/\/nada.statistics.gov.lk\/index.php\/catalog\/15; https:\/\/nada.statistics.gov.lk\/index.php\/catalog\/16; https:\/\/nada.statistics.gov.lk\/index.php\/catalog\/17;  https:\/\/nada.statistics.gov.lk\/index.php\/catalog\/18; https:\/\/nada.statistics.gov.lk\/index.php\/catalog\/336;  https:\/\/nada.statistics.gov.lk\/index.php\/catalog\/22; https:\/\/nada.statistics.gov.lk\/index.php\/catalog\/435;  https:\/\/nada.statistics.gov.lk\/index.php\/catalog\/26; https:\/\/nada.statistics.gov.lk\/index.php\/catalog\/27;  https:\/\/nada.statistics.gov.lk\/index.php\/catalog\/28; https:\/\/nada.statistics.gov.lk\/index.php\/catalog\/29;  https:\/\/nada.statistics.gov.lk\/index.php\/catalog\/441; https:\/\/nada.statistics.gov.lk\/index.php\/catalog\/445;  https:\/\/nada.statistics.gov.lk\/index.php\/catalog\/481; https:\/\/nada.statistics.gov.lk\/index.php\/catalog\/486 ","citation":"Department of Census and Statistics (DCS). Labor Force Survey (LKA-LFS). Sri Lanka 1992-2021 [dataset]. Available from the DCS Microdata Catalog: https:\/\/nada.statistics.gov.lk\/index.php\/home. Accessed on December 13, 2025."},{"name":"Labor Force Survey (LKA-LFS) - Harmonized","note":"Source: Department of Census and Statistics (DCS), accessed via the Global Labor Database (GLD).\nYears: 1992-2021.\nAccess date: January 25, 2026.\nFile location: \"data\\raw\\LFS\\LKA\\GLD\".","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners\/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package. Available to World Bank Staff only.","license":"Custom license","citation":"Department of Census and Statistics (DCS). Labor Force Survey (LKA-LFS), Sri Lanka 1992-2021 [dataset]. Harmonized version accessed through the Global Labor Database (GLD). Available from https:\/\/worldbank.github.io\/gld\/Support\/A%20-%20Guides%20and%20Documentation\/GLD%20Manual%20Files\/GLD%20content%2C%20storage%2C%20and%20access.html#data-storage-platforms-and-access-rules. Accessed on January 25, 2026."}],"reproduction_instructions":"Once users have access to all the data, to reproduce the findings, a new user needs to:\n1. Update the root directory path in the `1_main_cleaning.do` do-file and run the code. \n2. Update the root directory path in the `2_main_analysis.R` script and run  the code.","technology_environment":"Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:\n\u2022 OS: Windows 11 Enterprise\n\u2022 Processor: Intel(R) Xeon(R) Gold 6226R CPU @ 2.90GHz\n\u2022 Memory available: 32.0 GB"},"datacite":{"creators":[{"givenName":"Maurizio","familyName":"Bussolo","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank"}]},{"givenName":"Vito","familyName":"Peragine","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics and Finance, University of Bari"}]},{"givenName":"Fabian","familyName":"Reutzel","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"Paris School of Economics"}]}],"titles":[{"lang":"en","title":"Reproducibility package for Inequality Of Opportunity In South Asia: The Puzzle Of Educational Gains Without Consumption Gains"},{"title":"RR_ASI_2026_565","titleType":"Other"}],"publisher":"World Bank","publicationYear":"2026","types":{"resourceType":"Reproducibility package","resourceTypeGeneral":"Other"},"url":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org\/index.php\/catalog\/study\/RR_ASI_2026_565","language":"en"},"tags":[{"tag":"DOI"},{"tag":"Open Code"},{"tag":"Restricted Data"}],"schematype":"script"}