{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","abbr":"DECDI","affiliation":"World Bank - Development Impact Department","role":"Verification and preparation of metadata"}],"prod_date":"2026-01-22","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"authoring_entity":[{"name":"Benoit Decerf","affiliation":"University of Namur","email":"benoit.decerf@unamur.be"},{"name":"Mery Ferrando","affiliation":"Tilburg University","email":"m.ferrando@tilburguniversity.edu"},{"name":"Balint Menyhert","affiliation":"Independent researcher currently without affiliation","email":"balint.menyhert@gmail.com"}],"title_statement":{"title":"Reproducibility package for Multidimensional Poverty: Why Not Make Up The Missing Joint Distribution Data?","idno":"RR_WLD_2025_530"},"data_statement":"All data is publicly accessible and included in the reproducibility package.","software":[{"name":"Stata","version":"19"}],"scripts":[{"title":"Reproducibility package for Multidimensional Poverty: Why Not Make Up The Missing Joint Distribution Data?","date":"2026-01","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank.","instructions":"See README in reproducibility package.","file_name":"RR_WLD_2025_530","zip_package":"RR_WLD_2025_530.zip","dependencies":"Stata dependencies are listed in the ado folder."}],"repository_uri":[{"name":"Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank)","uri":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org"}],"production_date":"2026-01-22","abstract":"Poverty is inherently multidimensional, encompassing both monetary and non-monetary dimensions. However, these outcomes are often collected in separate surveys, leaving the joint distribution partially unobserved. To improve social poverty comparisons, we propose a new simple method to address this data constraint: assume a fixed value for the missing part of the joint distribution. This approach allows the integration of outcomes collected from different surveys, unlike the mainstream method currently in use. Drawing on household surveys from six developing countries where both dimensions are observed, we show that our method systematically outperforms traditional single-survey measures and \u201cmash-up\u201d measures. Monte Carlo simulations further confirm the robustness of our results across a wide range of data-generating scenarios. Our findings highlight the value of our proposed method for monitoring multidimensional poverty and suggest it may also benefit other social indicators facing similar data limitations.","geographic_units":[{"name":"World","code":"WLD"}],"keywords":[{"name":"Multidimensional Poverty Measurement"},{"name":"Social Comparisons"},{"name":"Data Constraints"},{"name":"Imputation Methods"}],"topics":[{"id":"I32","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Measurement and Analysis of Poverty","parent_id":"I3"},{"id":" I38","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Government Policy \u2022 Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs","parent_id":"I3"},{"id":" C81","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Microeconomic Data \u2022 Data Access","parent_id":"C8"},{"id":" O15","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Human Resources \u2022 Human Development \u2022 Income Distribution \u2022 Migration","parent_id":"O1"}],"output":[{"type":"Working Paper","description":"Policy Research Working Papers (PRWP)","title":"Multidimensional Poverty: Why Not Make Up The Missing Joint Distribution Data?"}],"language":[{"name":"English","code":"EN"}],"disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","license":[{"name":"Modified BSD3","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/bsd-3-clause\/"}],"contacts":[{"name":"Benoit Decerf","affiliation":"University of Namur","email":"benoit.decerf@unamur.be"},{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org"}],"datasets":[{"name":"Bolivia Household Survey 2015","idno":"BOL-INE-EH-2015","note":"Access date: January 2022.\nData files:  EH2015_PERSONA.sav; EH2015_VIVIENDA.sav; EH2015_GASTOS EQUIPAMIENTO.sav. These files are used to construct Bolivia_All.dta, which was the starting point for the reproducibility verification conducted by the replicators. The code to produce Bolivia_All.dta from the publicly available sources is included in the package. The data must be placed in \/Data\/in folder. Only intermediate data is included in the reproducibility package. ","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","uri":"https:\/\/anda.ine.gob.bo\/index.php\/catalog\/53","citation":"Bolivia National Institute of Statistics  (INE). (2017). \"Bolivia Household Survey 2015 [Data set]\". La Paz, Bolivia: INE. Available at https:\/\/anda.ine.gob.bo\/index.php\/catalog\/53.","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.ine.gob.bo\/index.php\/terminos-y-condiciones\/","license":"Terms and Conditions Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica"},{"name":"Brazil National Household Sample Survey (PNAD)","citation":"Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). \"Brazil National Household Sample Survey (PNAD) [dataset]\". IBGE official statistics, Continuous National Household Sample Survey (PNAD). Available at: https:\/\/www.ibge.gov.br\/en\/statistics\/social\/labor\/18079-brazil-volume-pnad1.html.","uri":"https:\/\/www.ibge.gov.br\/estatisticas\/sociais\/trabalho\/9127-pesquisa-nacional-por-amostra-de-domicilios.html","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.\n","note":"Access date: January 2022.\nData files:  PES2015.TXT;  DOM2015.TXT. These files are used to construct Brazil_All.dta, which was the starting point for the reproducibility verification conducted by the replicators. The code to produce Brasil_All.dta from the publicly available sources is included in the package. The data must be placed in \/Data\/in folder. Only intermediate data is included in the reproducibility package. ","license_uri":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nd\/3.0\/deed.en","license":"Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported"},{"name":"Ecuador Living Conditions Survey (ECV) 2013 - 2014 ","uri":"https:\/\/www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec\/\/documentos\/web-inec\/ECV\/ECV_2015\/","note":"Access date: January 2022.\nData files:  ECV6R_PERSONAS.dta; ECV6R_CAPITAL_SOCIAL.dta; ECV6R_ECV6R_EQUIPAMIENTOwide.dta; ECV6R_ECV6R_VIVIENDA.dta. These files are used to construct Ecuador_All.dta, which was the starting point for the reproducibility verification conducted by the replicators. The code to produce Ecuador_All.dta from the publicly available sources is included in the package. The data must be placed in \/Data\/in folder. Only intermediate data is included in the reproducibility package. ","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0","license_uri":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/","citation":"National Institute of Statistics and Censuses (INEP). (2014). \"Living Conditions Survey (ECV) 2013\u20132014 [Data set]\". Government of Ecuador, Open Data Portal. Available at https:\/\/datosabiertos.gob.ec\/dataset\/encuesta-condiciones-vida-2014."},{"name":"Ghana Living Standards Survey Round 6 (GLSS6) 2012\u20132013","uri":"https:\/\/www.datafirst.uct.ac.za\/dataportal\/index.php\/catalog\/854","access_type":"Data is publicly accessible and is included in the reproducibility package with the authors' authorization.","citation":"Ghana Statistical Service. Ghana Living Standards Survey Round 6, 2012 [dataset]. Version 1.0. Accra: GSS [producer and distributor], 2013. https:\/\/www.datafirst.uct.ac.za\/dataportal\/index.php\/catalog\/854","note":"Access date: January 2022.\nData files: GHA_2013_L.dta; 00_GHA_BASICINFO; 01_GHA_EXPFOOD; 02_GHA_EXPALCH; 03_GHA_EXPCLTH; 04_GHA_EXPHOUS; 05_GHA_EXPFURN; 06_GHA_EXPHLTH; 07_GHA_EXPTRSP; 08_GHA_EXPCMNQ; 09_GHA_EXPRCRE; 10_GHA_EXPEDUC; 11_GHA_EXPHOTL; 12_GHA_EXPMISC; 13_GHA_2013_PINDEX; GHA_2013_E; GHA_2013_H; GHA_2013_INCOME; INC_NFARM; INC_OTHER; INC_WAGE_HID; POV_GHA_2013_GLSS6_Up;  These files are used to construct Ghana_All.dta, which was the starting point for the reproducibility verification conducted by the replicators. Only intermediate data is included in the reproducibility package. ","license":"Public Use Files"},{"name":"Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey (ESS) Wave 3 (2015\u20132016)","access_type":"Data is publicly accessible and is included in the reproducibility package with the authors' authorization.","citation":"World Bank. (2017). \"Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey (ESS) Wave 3 (2015\u20132016) [dataset]\". World Bank Microdata Library. Available at https:\/\/microdata.worldbank.org\/catalog\/2783\/get-microdata.","note":"Access date: January 2022.\nData files: sect1_hh_w3.dta; sect2_hh_w3 ;sect3_hh_w3; sect4_hh_w3; sect4b_hh_w3; sect_cover_hh_w3; sect7_hh_w3; sect9_hh_w3; sect11a_hh_w3; sect11c_hh_w3; sect14a_hh_w3; sect14c_hh_w3; ETH_HouseholdGeovars_y3; cons_agg_w3; sect10_hh_w3wide. These files are used to construct Ethiopia_All.dta, which was the starting point for the reproducibility verification conducted by the replicators. The code to produce Ethiopia_All.dta from the publicly available sources is included in the package. Only intermediate data is included in the reproducibility package. ","license_uri":"https:\/\/microdata.worldbank.org\/terms-of-use#public_use","uri":"https:\/\/microdata.worldbank.org\/catalog\/2783\/get-microdata","license":"Public Use Files"},{"name":"Uganda: National Panel Survey (UNPS) Wave 5, 2015\u20132016","citation":"Uganda Bureau of Statistics. (2019). \"Uganda- National Panel Survey (UNPS) 2015-2016 [dataset].\" World Bank Microdata Library. Available at https:\/\/microdata.worldbank.org\/index.php\/catalog\/3460.","uri":"https:\/\/microdata.worldbank.org\/index.php\/catalog\/3460","access_type":"Data is publicly accessible and is included in the reproducibility package with the authors' authorization.","note":"Access date: January 2022.\nData files: GSEC2.dta; GSEC3; GSEC4; GSEC5; GSEC6_1; GSEC8; GSEC1; GSEC10_1; GSEC11_1; gsec14wide; GSEC9; These files are used to construct Uganda_All.dta, which was the starting point for the reproducibility verification conducted by the replicators. The code to produce Uganda_All.dta from the publicly available sources is included in the package. The data must be placed in \/Data\/in folder. Only intermediate data is included in the reproducibility package. \n","license_uri":"https:\/\/microdata.worldbank.org\/terms-of-use#public_use","license":"Public Use Files"}],"reproduction_instructions":"To reproduce the findings in this paper, a new user should:\n\n-**Starting from intermediate data** \nThe published package is set up to run from intermediate data, included under `project\/data\/in` (one file per survey). For details on data sources and compilation, see file `data_overview.xlsx`.\nSet the project directory in the `main` do-file and run it. This is the method verified by the replicators.\n\n- **Starting from raw data:**\nDownload the original survey sources (publicly available), uncomment the first portion of the country do-files, update the paths in `main` do-file and the country do-files, and run the `main` do-file.","technology_requirements":"Runtime: 2 hours","technology_environment":"Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:\n\u2022 OS: Windows 11 Enterprise\n\u2022 Processor: Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-1145G7 CPU @ 2.60GHz\n\u2022 Memory available: 31 GB"},"datacite":{"creators":[{"givenName":"Benoit","familyName":"Decerf","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Namur"}]},{"givenName":"Mery","familyName":"Ferrando","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"Tilburg University"}]},{"givenName":"Balint","familyName":"Menyhert","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent researcher currently without affiliation"}]}],"titles":[{"lang":"en","title":"Reproducibility package for Multidimensional Poverty: Why Not Make Up The Missing Joint Distribution Data?"},{"title":"RR_WLD_2025_530","titleType":"Other"}],"publisher":"World Bank","publicationYear":"2026","types":{"resourceType":"Reproducibility package","resourceTypeGeneral":"Other"},"url":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org\/index.php\/catalog\/study\/RR_WLD_2025_530","language":"en","doi":"10.60572\/agv4-nh68","prefix":"10.60572","suffix":"agv4-nh68"},"tags":[{"tag":"Accesible Data"},{"tag":"DOI"},{"tag":"Open Code"}],"schematype":"script"}